Term
| The biological, _____, _____, and _____ approaches to understanding the causes of abnormal behavior are alternative _____, and not just alternative theories. Biological approaches emphasize causes "within the skin." Psychodynamic theory highlights unconscious processes. Cognitive-behavioral viewpoints focus on observable, learned behavior. The humanistic paradigm argues that behavior is a product of free will. |
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Definition
| psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic, paradigms |
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Term
| Abnormal behavior is best understood in terms of the _____, the combination of different biological, psychological, and social factors. _____ is a way of integrating different contributions to abnormal behavior. Its central principle is holism, the idea that the whole is more than the sum of its parts. |
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Definition
| Biopsychosocial model, systems theory |
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| Biological factors in abnormal behavior begin with the _____, or nerve cell. Communication between neurons occurs when the axon terminals release chemical substances called _____ into the synapse between nerve cells. Disrupted communication among neurons, particularly disruptions in the functioning of various neurotransmitters, is involved in several types of abnormal behavior, although you should be cautioned against mind-body dualism. |
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Definition
| neuron, neurotransmitters |
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Term
| The brain is divided into three subdivisions: the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain. Because of the rudimentary state of our knowledge about the brain, only the most severe mental disorders have been clearly linked with abnormalities in neuroanatomy. _____ involves changes in the functioning of the body that result from psychological experiences. Psychophysiological arousal is caused by the _____ and the nervous system. Endocrine glands release _____ into the bloodstream that regulate some aspects of normal development as well as some responses to stress. The automatic nervous system is the part of the central nervous system that is responsible for psychophysiological reactions. |
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Definition
| Psychophysiology, endocrine system, hormones |
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Term
| Most forms of abnormal behavior are _____--that is, caused by more than one gene. While genes are involved in most mental illnesses, the fact that a psychological disorder has a genetic component does not mean that it is inevitable. |
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Definition
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Term
| Psychology has not developed a list of its core components. Some promise toward this goal is offered by _____, the application of the principles of evolution to our understanding of the animal and human minds. Two basic psychological motivations seen in humans and other animals are the formation of _____ and competition for _____. |
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Definition
| evolutionary psychology, attachments, dominance |
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Term
| _____ is an individual's characteristic style of relating to the world, and researchers agree on the "big five" dimensions of temperament. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ are internal feeling states that come to us without intention, effort, or desire. Emotional disruptions are at the core of many mental disorders. |
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Definition
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Term
| Learning mechanisms include _____, _____, _____, and human cognition and contribute to both normal and abnormal behavior. |
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Definition
| classical conditioning, operant conditioning, modeling |
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Term
| The sense of self is a uniquely human quality that may also play a role in causing emotional problems. The idea of _____ not only charts the course of normal development, against which abnormal behavior must be compared, but it also highlights the important issue of developmental transitions. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ from people other than family members can be an important buffer against stress. _____ may influence the development, expression, or consequences of psychopathology. Race and poverty are also broad social influences on psychological well-being. |
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Definition
| Social support, Gender roles |
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Term
| selective bonds that develop between infants and their caregivers, usually their parents, and are theorized to be related to later development. Analogous to the process of imprinting, which has been observed in many animals |
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Definition
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Term
| perceived causes: people's beliefs about cause-effect relations |
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Definition
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Term
| the division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the functions of various bodily organs such as the heart and stomach. The actions of the autonomic nervous system are largely involuntary, and it has two branches, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems |
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Definition
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Term
| the study of broad genetic influences on individual differences in normal and abnormal behavior, usually by studying twins or other family members who differ in terms of shared genes and/or experience. Behavior genetic studies also provide information on environment contributions to behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| a view of the etiology of mental disorders that assumes that disorders can best be understood in terms of the interaction of biological, psychological, and social systems |
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Definition
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Term
| the uneven surface of the brain that lies just underneath the skull and controls and integrates sophisticated memory, sensory, and motor functions |
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Definition
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Term
| the two major structures of the forebrain and the site of most sensory, emotional, and cognitive processes. The functions of the cerebral hemispheres are lateralized. In general, the left cerebral hemisphere is involved in language and related functions, and the right side is involved in spatial organization and analysis |
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Definition
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Term
| chainlike structures found in the nucleus of cells that carry genes and information about heredity. Humans normally have 23 pairs of chromosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| Pavlov's form of learning through association. A conditioned response eventually is elicited by a conditioned stimulus after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus (which produces an unconditioned response) |
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Definition
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Term
| the rate, often a percentage, at which two related individuals are found to both have a disorder or problem or neither has a disorder or problem, i.e., they are concordant. In discordant pairs, only one individual is disordered. Concordance rates often are computed for twin pairs |
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Definition
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Term
| a scientific research method in which the relation between two factors (their co-relation) is studied in a systematic fashion. Has the advantage of practicality, as correlations between many variables can be studied in the real world, but also has the disadvantage that "correlation does not mean causation" |
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Definition
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Term
| a number that always ranges between -1.00 and +1.00 and indicates the strength and direction of the relation between two variables. A higher absolute value indicates a stronger relation, while a correlation coefficient of 0 indicates no relation. The sign indicates the direction of the correlation |
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Definition
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Term
| unconscious processes that service the ego and reduce conscious anxiety by distorting anxiety-producing memories, emotions, and impulses--for example, projection, displacement, or rationalization |
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Definition
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Term
| an approach to abnormal psychology that emphasizes the importance of normal development to understanding abnormal behavior |
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Definition
| developmental psychopathology |
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Term
| distinct periods of development focused on certain central "tasks" and marked by boundaries defined by changing age or social expectations |
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Definition
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Term
| a predisposition to disorder. Also known as vulnerability. A diathesis only causes abnormal behavior when it is combined with stress or a challenging experience |
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Definition
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Term
| fraternal twins produced from separate fertilized eggs. Like all siblings, DZ twins share an average of 50 percent of their genes |
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Definition
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Term
| the hierarchical ordering of a social group into more and less powerful members. Dominance rankings are indexed by the availability of uncontested privileges |
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Definition
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Term
| the philosophical view that the mind and body are separate. Dates to the writings of the philosopher Rene Descartes, who attempted to balance the dominant religious views of his times with emerging scientific reasoning. Descartes argued that many human functions have biological explanations, but some human experiences have no somatic representation. Thus, he argued for a distinction--a dualism--between mind and body |
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Definition
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Term
| one of Freud's three central personality structures. In Freudian theory, the ego must deal with reality as it attempts to fulfill id impulses as well as superego demands. The ego operates on the reality principle, and much of the ego resides in conscious awareness |
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Definition
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Term
| states of arousal that are defined by subjective feeling states, such as sadness, anger, and disgust. Emotions are often accompanied by physiological changes, such as in heart rate and respiration rate |
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Definition
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Term
| a collection of glands found at various locations throughout the body, including the ovaries or testes and the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands. releases hormones that sometimes act as neuromodulators and affect responses to stress. Also important in physical growth and development |
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Definition
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Term
| the application of the principles of evolution to understanding the mind and behavior and identifying species-typical characteristics, that is, genetically influenced traits that people or animals share as a part of their nature. Evolutionary psychologists assume that animal and human psychology, like animal and human anatomy, have evolved and share similarities |
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Definition
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Term
| the gradual elimination of a response when learning conditions change. In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when a conditioned stimulus no longer is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when the contingent is removed between behavior and its consequences |
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Definition
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Term
| roles associated with social expectations about gendered behavior, for example, "masculine" or "feminine" activities |
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Definition
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Term
| ultramicroscopic units of DNA that carry information about heredity. Located on the chromosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| the empirical and theoretical observation that experience often, perhaps always, is correlated with genetic makeup. Genes influence personality and other characteristics, and these traits affect the environment parents provide children and the environment people seek or responses they elicit from others. Therefore, experience is associated with genes, and studies of environments are confounded by this correlation |
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Definition
| gene-environment correlation |
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Term
| genetic risk and an environmental experience working together to produce a given outcome. Many psychological disorders are assumed to be caused by such combinations of genetic risk and difficult experience |
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Definition
| gene-environment interaction |
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Term
| an individual's actual genetic structure, usually with reference to a particular characteristic |
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Definition
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Term
| chemical substances that are released into the bloodstream by glands in the endocrine system. Hormones affect the functioning of distant body systems and sometimes act as neuromodulators |
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Definition
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Term
| a part of the limbic system that plays a role in sensation, but more importantly that it controls basic biological urges, such as eating, drinking, and activity, as well as much of the functioning of the autonomic nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| one of Freud's three central personality structures. In Freudian theory, the id is present at birth and is the source of basic drives and motivations. The id houses biological drives (such as hunger), as well as Freud's two key psychological drives, sex and aggression |
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Definition
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Term
| Erikson's term for the broad definition of self; in his view, identity is the product of the adolescent's struggle to answer the question "Who am I?" |
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Definition
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Term
| functions or sites that are located primarily or solely in one hemisphere of the brain (the left or the right) |
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Definition
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Term
| a variety of brain structures, including the thalamus and hypothalamus, that are central to the regulation of emotion and basic learning processes |
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Definition
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Term
| a social learning concept describing the process of learning through imitation. Contrasts with the broader concept of identification |
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Definition
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Term
| identical twins produced from a single fertilized egg; thus MZ twins have identical genotypes |
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Definition
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Term
| the nerve cells that form the basic building blocks of the brain. Each neuron is composed of the soma or cell body, the dendrites, the axon, and the terminal buttons |
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Definition
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Term
| chemical substances that are released into the synapse between two neurons and carry signals from the terminal button of one neuron to the receptors of another |
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Definition
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Term
| the component of a sibling's environment inside or outside the family that is unique to that sibling, for example, being a favorite child or one's best friend. Contrasts with the shared environment, family experiences that are common across siblings |
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Definition
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Term
| a learning theory asserting that behavior is a function of its consequences. Specifically, behavior increases if it is rewarded, and it decreases if it is punished |
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Definition
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Term
| a set of assumptions both about the substance of a theory and about how scientists should collect data and test theoretical propositions. The term was applied to the progress of science by Thomas Kuhn, an influential historian and philosopher |
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Definition
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Term
| the observed expression of a given genotype of genetic structure, for example, eye color |
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Definition
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Term
| caused by more than one gene. Characteristics become normally distributed as more genes are involved in the phenotypic expression of a trait |
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Definition
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Term
| a pattern of behavior that precedes the onset of an illness. Adjustment prior to the disorder |
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Definition
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Term
| index cases. In behavior genetic studies, probands are family members who have a disorder, and the relatives of the index cases are examined for concordance |
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Definition
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Term
| predictions about the future course of a disorder with or without treatment |
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Definition
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Term
| a paradigm for conceptualizing abnormal behavior based on the concepts and writings of Sigmund Freud. Highlights unconscious processes and conflicts as causing abnormal behavior and emphasizes psychoanalysis as the treatment of choice |
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Definition
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Term
| the study of changes in the functioning of the body that result from psychological experiences |
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Definition
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Term
| sites on the dendrites or soma of a neuron that are sensitive to certain neurotransmitters |
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Definition
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Term
| the scientific perspective that the whole is the sum of its parts and that the task of scientists is to divide the world into its smaller and smaller components |
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Definition
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Term
| the process of recapturing some neurotransmitters in the synapse before they reach the receptors of another cell and returning the chemical substances to the terminal button. The neurotransmitter then is reused in subsequent neural transmission |
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Definition
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Term
| indicates that causation could be operating in the opposite direction: Y could be causing X instead of X causing Y. A threat to interpretation in correlational studies, and a basic reason why correlation does not mean causation |
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Definition
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Term
| variables that are associated with a higher probability of developing a disorder |
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Definition
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Term
| appropriate behavior guided by internal (rather than external) rules |
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Definition
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Term
| the component of the family environment that offers the same or highly similar experiences to all siblings, for example, socioeconomic status. Stands in contrast to the nonshared environment, experiences inside and outside the family that are unique to one sibling |
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Definition
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Term
| the emotional and practical assistance received from others |
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Definition
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Term
| an event that creates physiological or psychological strain for the individual. Stress has been defined differently by various scientists |
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Definition
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Term
| One of Freud's three central personality structures, roughly equivalent to the "conscience." In Freudian theory, the superego contains societal sandards of behavior, particularly rules that children learn from identifying with their parents. The superego attempts to control id impulses |
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Definition
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Term
| a small gap filled with fluid that lies between the axon of one neuron and a dendrite or soma of another neuron |
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Definition
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Term
| an innovation in the philosophy of conceptualizing and conducting science that emphasizes interdependence, cyberneties, and especially holism--the idea that the whole is more than the sum of its parts. Often traced to the biologist and philosopher Ludwig von Bertalanffy |
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Definition
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Term
| characteristic styles of relating to the world that are often conceptualized as inborn traits. Generally emphasizes the "how" as opposed to the "what" of behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| an unmeasured factor that may account for a correlation observed between any two variables. A threat to interpretation in correlational studies, and a basic reason why correlation does not mean causation |
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Definition
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Term
| four connected chambers in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid. The ventricles are enlarged in some psychological and neurological disorders |
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Definition
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