Term
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Definition
Italian fascist leader after WWI; created first fascist government (1922-1943) based on aggressive foreign policy and new nationalist glories.
Significance: -established first fascist gov't
-stressed necessity of strong, nationalistic foreign policy
Analyze: -gained power as a result of post-war resentment towards ineffective government |
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Term
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Definition
Political philosophy that became predominant in Italy and then Germany during the 1920s and 1930s; attacked weaknesses of democracy, corruption of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs; undertook state control of economy to reduce social restriction.
S: -new political philosophy most famously adopted by Mussolini; became predominant in Italy and later Germany
A: -attacked weaknesses of democracy, corruption of capitalism
-promised reforms and improvements in military and foreign programs; highly desired after WWI |
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Term
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Definition
Economic and political system based on organization of labor; imported in Latin America from European political movements; militant force in Latin American politics
Significance: -led to numerous strikes for workers' unions to seize power
Analyze: -result of social and economic tensions and reliance on one or two main products, like coffee |
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Term
page 692
Mexican Revolution |
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Definition
Fought over a period of almost 10 years from 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.
Significance: -led to removal of Diaz from government and eventual reforms in land ownership and education
Analyze: -frustration over corrupt government officials, lack of income due to WWI, and oppression towards peasantry and American Indians |
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Term
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Definition
One of Juarez's generals; elected president of Mexico in 1876; dominated Mexican politics for 35 years; imposed strong central government.
Significance: -made economic changes and built railroads, sectors, and mines
-notorious dictatorship gave benefits to the elite and deprived the poor
Analyze: -expense of public works and reforms took heavy toll on peasantry |
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Term
page 693
Francisco Madero
(1873-1913) |
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Definition
Moderate democratic reformer in Mexico; proposed moderate reforms in 1910; arrested by Diaz; initiated revolution against Diaz when released from prison; temporarily gained power, but removed and assassinated in 1913.
Significance: -attempted to run against Diaz, was arrested, and called for revolt after his release
Analyze: -his ideas of moderate democratic reform were a threat to the elite, as they could have eased social tension and allowed more widespread economic growth . |
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Term
page 693
Pancho Villa
(1878-1923) |
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Definition
Mexican revolutionary and military commander in northern Mexico during Revolution; succeeded along with Zapata in removing Diaz from power in 1911; also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta.
Significance: -gained following of farmers, railroaders, and cowboys and led revolution that removed Diaz from power
Analyze: -recent restoration of Diaz' power produced widespread anger and desire for revolt |
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Term
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Definition
Mexican revolutionary and military commander of peasant guerilla movement after 1910; centered in Morelos; succeeded along with Villa in removing Diaz from power; also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta; demanded sweeping land reform.
Significance: -aimed to institute land reforms for all social groups
Analyze: -majority of land was owned by wealthy elite; peasantry and Native Americans had little to no say in acquisition of land |
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Term
page 694
Mexican Constitution of 1917 |
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Definition
Promised land reform, limited foreign ownership of key resources, guaranteed rights of workers, and placed restrictions on clerical education; marked formal end of Mexican Revolution.
Significance: -defined crucial reforms in regard to land ownership, education, workers' rights, and foreign ownership
Analyze: -civil had been going on for 10 years; changes were necessary in order to alleviate social unrest |
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Term
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Definition
Military organization constructed under leadership of Trotsky, Bolshevik follower of Lenin; made use of people of humble background.
Significance: -new army recruited able generals and masses of loyal conscripts
Analyze: -strengthened communist Russia with its willingness to use people of humble background who had the chance to rise to great heights under new order |
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Term
page 697
New Economic Policy |
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Definition
Initiated by Lenin in 1921; state continued to set basic economic policies, but efforts were now combined with individual initiative; policy allowed food production to recover.
Significance: -reduced economic disarray and allowed food production to recover
Analyze: -combined state economic policies with individual initiatives (i.e. personal industries) |
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Term
page 697
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics |
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Definition
Federal system of socialist republics established in 1923 in various ethnic regions of Russia; firmly controlled by Communist party; diminished nationalities protest under Bolsheviks; dissolved 1991.
Significance: -gave some recognition to various ethnic groups in socialist republics
-central state apparatus still excluded certain groups (e.g. Jews)
Analyze: -reaction and impact was somewhat vague, but protests declined for about 60 years, from 1920s to 1980s |
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Term
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Definition
Parliament of USSR; elected by universal suffrage; actually controlled by Communist party; served to ratify party decisions
Significance: -gave illusion of parliament
-in reality, controlled by Communist party
Analyze: -universal suffrage was irrelevant when competition was prohibited in election, thereby putting all the power in the hands of the Communist party |
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Term
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Definition
| Successor to Lenin as head of the USSR; strongly nationalist view of communism; represented anti-western strain of Russian tradition; crushed opposition to his rule; est. series of five year plans to replace NEP; fostered agricultural collectivization; led USSR through WWII; furthered Cold War with western Europe and US; died in 1953 |
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Term
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Definition
International office of communism under USSR dominance established to encourage formation of Communist parties in Europe and elsewhere
Significance: -intended to encourage the set-up of Communist parties in the West
Analyze: -some Communists, such as Lenin, believed the Russian revolution would be a prelude to further communist upheaval throughout the Western industrial world |
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Term
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Definition
Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants, though often lowered food production; part of Stalin's economic and political planning; often adopted in other communist regimes.
Significance: -increased state's power over peasantry but often decreased their ability to produce food
Analyze: -meant to put industrial machinery to use and stimulate agrarian production
-harsh police often exiled or killed those who refused to conform; some farmers even killed their own livestock and destroyed crops (kulaks) |
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Term
page 700
Yuan Shikai
[yoo-ahn shur-geye] |
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Definition
Warlord in northern China after fall of Qing dynasty; hoped to seize imperial throne; president of China after 1912; resigned in face of Japanese invasion in 1916.
Significance: -gained power and became president of China in 1912
-took foreign loans to build up army and suppress opposition
Analyze: -position as warlord gave him many advantages over other contenders
-other factors, such as WWI, Japan, other warlords, and republic nationalists, led to his resignation in 1916 |
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Term
page 701
May Fourth Movement |
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Definition
Resistance to Japanese encroachments in China began on this day in 1919; spawned movement of intellectuals aimed at transforming China into liberal democracy; rejected Confucianism
Significance: -demonstrated opposition towards Japanese presence and growing desire for Western-style government
Analyze: -rejection of millennia-old Confucian beliefs; calls for liberation of women, simpler Chinese script, greater individualism, et cetera |
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Term
page 702
Li Dazhao
[lee-duh-JOH] (1888-1927) |
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Definition
Chinese intellectual who gave serious attention to Marxist philosophy; headed study circle at University of Beijing; saw peasants as vanguard of revolutionary communism in China.
Significance: -supporter of peasantry as revolutionary catalyst
-opposed bourgeois ways of the industrial West
Analyze: -viewed whole of society as proletarian and victims of money-oriented West; stressed need for proletarian unity and uprising against exploiters |
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Term
page 702
Mao Zedong
[mow dzuh-doong] (1893-1976) |
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Definition
Communist leader in revolutionary China; advocated rural reform and role of peasantry in Nationalist revolution; influenced by Dazhao; led Communist reaction against GMD purges in 1920s, culminating in Long March of 1934; seized control of all Chinese mainland by 1949; initiated Great Leap Forward in 1958.
Analyze: -also angered by sense of betrayal by Entente powers and West as a whole
-studied under Dazhao
-longed for return to Confucian political system focused on social welfare and reform |
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Term
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Definition
Chinese Nationalist party founded by Yat-sen in 1919; drew support from local warlords and Chinese criminal underworld; initially forged alliance with Communists in 1924; dominated by Kai-shek after 1925.
Significance: -meant to unify diverse political orgs. and reorganize revolutionary movements
-forged alliances with key social groups and built an army
Analyze: -unification of political groups would help exert influence of their ideas
-military deemed necessary to eliminate warlord menace |
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Term
page 703
Whampoa Military Academy |
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Definition
Founded in 1924; military wing of Guomindang; first head of academy was Chiang Kai-shek.
Significance: -gave Nationalists military dimension
Analyze: -founded with help of Soviets
-military technology could prevent uprisings or eliminate competitors |
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Term
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Definition
Military officer who succeeded Yat-sen as leader of GMD in mid-1920s; became most powerful leader in China by early 1930s, but his Nationalist forces were defeated and driven from China by Communists after WWII.
Significance: -first head of Whampoa
-worked w/ Communists until after WWII
Analyze: -unhappy with Communists, but knew he need a strong military force to defeat them, as well as the warlords, in order to establish Nationalist power |
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Term
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Definition
Communist escape from Hunan province during civil war with GMD in 1934; center of Comm. power moved to Shaanxi province; firmly establish Zedong as head of Chinese Communist party.
Significance: -led to relocation of Communist power and established Zedong as leader
Analyze: -Kai-shek's offensive of 1927 (massacre of communists) drove Zedong to demonstrate communist power and solidify his position as leader |
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Term
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Definition
International economic crisis following WWI; began with collapse of American stock market in 1929; actual causes included collapse of agricultural prices in 1920s; included collapse of banking houses in US and western Europe, massive unemployment; contradicted optimistic assumptions of 19th century.
Significance: -brought political and economic pressures on almost every society
Analyze: -result of lower agricultural prices, lost stock investments, massive unemployment, decreased amounts of expenditures |
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Term
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Definition
Combination of socialist and communist political parties in France; won election in 1936; unable to take strong measures of social reform b/c of continuing strength of conservatives; fell from power in 1938.
Significance: -despite election win, unable to carry out social reforms due to continuing strength of adamant conservative republicans
Analyze: -response to government's lackadaisical efforts in regard to French depression |
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Term
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Definition
Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to stimulate economy; increased power of state and their intervention in US social and economic life.
Significance: -gave opportunities and benefits to unemployed or retired Americans
-increased power of the state's ability to interfere in US's social and economic life
Analyze: -restored American confidence in gov't and prevented extremist political movements |
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Term
page 709
Totalitarian State |
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Definition
New kind of gov't in 20th century that exercised massive, direct control over virtually all activities of its subjects; existed in Germany, Italy, and Soviet Union.
Significance: -limited rights of populace, such as freedom of speech
-totalitarian leaders like Hitler attempted to appease low-paid workers by instituting welfare benefits and full employment opportunities
Analyze: -chaotic state following WWI spurred necessity for consistency and control in government |
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Term
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Definition
Stalin's plans to hasten industrialization of USSR; constructed massive factories in metallurgy, mining, and electric power led to massive state-planned industrialization at cost of availability of consumer products.
Significance: -led to construction of massive factories of metallurgy, mining, and electric power
-often compromised availability of consumer goods
Analyze: -meant to industrialize USSR without Western influence
-regions able to capitalize on great natural resources
-also a tactic to prepare for possible war with Hitler's anticommunist Germany |
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Term
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Definition
Executive committee of Soviet Communist party; 20 members.
Significance: -appeared to be a governing body, but possessed power to pass laws and decisions without proper consideration (rubber stamps)
Analyze: -Stalin was in total control of the party's decisions, hence the numerous executions and Siberian exiles that occurred under his jurisdiction |
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