Term
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Definition
| Protists are a paraphyletic grouping that includes all eukaryotes except the green plants, fungi, and animals |
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Term
| What are three reasons biologists study protists? |
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Definition
- to understand how eukaryotes evolved
- because they are important in freshwater and marine ecosystems
- some species may cause debilitating diseases in plants, humans and other organisms |
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Term
| How do protists reproduce? |
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Definition
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Term
| What large-scale crop failure was caused by a protist? |
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Definition
| The Irish potato famine was caused by a protist |
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Term
| What is the cause of malaria? |
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Definition
| Malaria is caused by Plasmodium, a protist |
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Term
| When do harmful algal blooms occur? |
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Definition
| Harmful algal blooms occur when toxin producing protists reach high densities in aquatic environment |
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Term
| What are red tides caused by? |
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Definition
| Algal blooms of dinoflagellates |
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Term
| What percent of the total number of named eukaryote species do protists represent? |
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Definition
| Protists represents 10% of the total number of named eukaryotic species |
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Term
| What type of the diversity and abundance is found in protists? |
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Definition
| Protists have a relatively low species diversity but are extraordinarily abundant |
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Term
| What would you call a species that produce chemical energy by photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Production of organic molecules in the world's oceans is responsible for what portion of the total carbon that is fixed on earth? |
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Definition
| Production of organic molecules in the world's oceans is responsible for almost half of the total carbon that is fixed on earth |
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Term
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Definition
| Plankton are small organisms that drift along or swim only short distances near the surface of oceans or lakes |
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Term
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Definition
| Phytoplankton are photosynthetic plankton |
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Term
| What is the carbon cycle? |
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Definition
| The movement of carbon atoms from carbon dioxide molecules in the atmosphere to organisms in the soil or the ocean and then back into the atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| A carbon sink is a long-lived carbon reservoir |
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Term
| How do protists play key role in fighting global warming? |
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Definition
| Protists play key role in the global carbon cycle and act as carbon sinks that could help reduce global warming |
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Term
| What are three ways biologist study protists? |
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Definition
- Microscopy: studying cell structure
- Evaluating molecular phylogenies
- Direct sequencing |
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Term
| How has the use of microscopy helped studying protists? |
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Definition
| Many protists have a characteristic overall form with synapomorphies that allows them to be identified and grouped |
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Term
| How is direct sequencing carried out to study protists? |
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Definition
| Direct sequencing is based on collecting organisms from a habitat and analyzing their DNA without growing larger populations of individuals in a laboratory culture |
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Term
| What does the fact that protists are a paraphyletic group mean for their characteristics? |
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Definition
| Because protists are a paraphyletic group, they do not share derived characteristics that set them apart from all other lineages on the tree of life |
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Term
| What characteristics are theorized to be found in the earliest prokaryotes? |
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Definition
The earliest eukaryotes were probably
-single celled
-had a nucleus
- endomembrane system
-mitochondria
- cytoskeleton
- no cell wall
It is also likely that these cells swam using a novel type of flagellum |
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Term
| What is the leading hypothesis for the origination of the nuclear envelope? |
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Definition
| The leading hypothesis for the origination of the nuclear envelope is that it is derived from the infoldings of the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Mitochondria are organelles that generate ATP |
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Term
| What is the endosymbiosis theory? |
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Definition
| The endosymbiosis theory proposes that the mitochondria originated when a bacterial cell took up residence inside a eukaryote about 2 billion years ago |
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Term
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Definition
| Symbiosis occurs when individuals of two different species live in physical contact |
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Term
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Definition
| Endosymbiosis occurs when an organism of one species lives inside an organism of another |
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Term
| True or False: the basic structure of the cytoskeleton does not very much among protists |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the hard external structure that protects some protists? |
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Definition
| It is called a test or shell |
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Term
| What are four morphological innovations involving protists? |
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Definition
- the nuclear envelope
- the mitochondria
- structures for support and protection
- multicellularity |
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Term
| Which protists share the synapomorphy of multicellularity? |
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Definition
| Multicellularity is a synapomorphy be shared by all of the brown algae and all of the plasmodial and cellular slime molds. It also arose in some lineages of red algae |
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Term
| What are the three ways protists feed? |
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Definition
1) ingesting packets of food
2) absorbing organic molecules directly from the environment
3) performing photosynthesis |
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Term
| What are some possible sources of food for protists who eat by ingesting packets of food? |
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Definition
| Bacteria, archaea, other protists, or microscopic animals |
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Term
| The engulfing process is possible in protists that lack a _____________ |
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Definition
| Engulfing process is possible in protists that lack a cell wall |
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Term
| What structure do some protists use to surround their prey before ingesting it? |
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Definition
| Long, fingerlike projections called pseudopodia |
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Term
| What is absorptive feeding? |
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Definition
| Absorption feeding occurs when nutrients are taken up directly from the environment, across the plasma membrane |
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Term
| What is the most common of the three feeding types in protists? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a common habitat for protists who engage in absorptive feeding? |
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Definition
| Many protists are parasites that live inside other organisms and absorb the nutrition directly from the environment inside their host, causing damage to the host |
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Term
| True or False: some protists are decomposers that feed on dead organic matter |
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Definition
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Term
| What claims does the endosymbiosis theory make regarding the chloroplast? |
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Definition
| The endosymbiosis theory contends that the chloroplast originated when a protist engulfed a cyanobacterium |
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Term
| How are the major photosynthetic groups of protists distinguished? |
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Definition
| The major photosynthetic groups of protists are distinguished by the pigments they contain |
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Term
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Definition
| Amoeboid motion is a sliding movement that is accomplished by streaming of the pseudopodia |
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Term
| What are the three major ways in which protists move? |
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Definition
- amoeboid motion
- flagella
- cilia |
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Term
| What is the difference between flagella and cilia? |
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Definition
| Flagella are long and are usually found alone or in pairs, whereas cilia are short and numerous |
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Term
| True or False: flagella and cilia have identical structures |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of reproduction is most common protists? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: there are no known protists which undergo both sexual and asexual reproduction |
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Definition
| False: most protists undergo asexual reproduction routinely. Many protists undergo sexual reproduction only intermittently |
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Term
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Definition
| A gametophyte is the multicellular haploid form of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| A sporophyte is the diploid form of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| A spore is a single cell that develops into an adult organism, but is not a product of fusion by gametes |
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Term
| What lifecycle form is produced from a spore? |
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Definition
| A spore divides by mitosis to form a haploid, multicellular gametophyte |
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Term
| What forms the diploid zygote in alternation of generations? |
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Definition
| The haploid gametes produced by the gametophyte |
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Term
| What does the diploid zygote grow to become, in alternation of generations? |
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Definition
| The diploid zygote grows into the diploid multicellular sporophyte |
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