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The leading scientific explanation for the origin of life
Consist of a pattern component and a process component |
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- The atomic nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons
- Atomic nucleus is surrounded by orbiting electrons[image]
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| THe sum of protons and neutrons in an atom |
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| The number of protons in an atom |
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Forms of an element with a different number of neutrons
("equal-places") |
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| An average of all the mass numbers of the naturally occurring isotopes based on their abundance |
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| An isotope that is unstable and whose nucleus will eventually decay and release energy |
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| Special unit of measurement for mass of protons, neutrons, and electrons |
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| The specific regions that electrons move around atomic nuclei |
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| Levels that orbitals are grouped into |
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| The outermost shell of an atom |
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| The electrons found in the outermost shell |
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| The number of unpaired electrons found in an atom |
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| Attractions that bind atoms together |
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| A strong attraction where two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons in order to fill their valence shells |
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| Substances held together by covalent bonds |
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When atoms hog the electrons in covalent bonds
(O,N,C=H) |
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| When the electrons are shared equally |
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| When the electrons spend most of their time close to the nucleus of the more electronegative atom |
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- The electrons spend more time on one atom (O or N), giving that atom a partial negative charge
- The electrons spend less time on one atom (C or H), giving that atom a partial positive [image]
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| Atoms completely transfer electrons from one atom to the other to get a full valence shell |
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| An atom or molecule that carries a full charge, rather than the partial charge that arise from polar covalent bonds |
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Positively charged ions
(Na+) |
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Negatively charged ion
(Cl-) |
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| Compact, but don't contain a great deal of information - indicate only the numbers and types of atoms |
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| Indicate which atoms are bonded and indicate geometry in 2D |
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| Take up more space than structural formulas, but provide information on 3D shape and indicate relative size of atoms involved |
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| More difficult to read than ball-and-stick, but more accurately depicting the spatial relationship |
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| An agent for dissolving substances |
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| A homogeneous mixture of substances |
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| What is dissolved in a solvent |
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| Polar molecules seek to be with other polar molecules, so they push all nonpolar molecules away - where nonpolar molecules end up together |
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Attraction between like molecules
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| Attraction between unlike molecules |
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| Water molecules at the surface connect through hydrogen bonding, making a net that resist forces that try to break the surface |
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| One substance is combined with others or broken down into another substance |
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Substances that give up protons and raise the hydronium ion concentration of water
(0-7pH) |
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Molecules/ions that require protons and lower the hydronium ion concentration of water
(7-14pH) |
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The mass of one mole of any substance= the molecular weight expressed in grams
(6.022x10^23) |
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| The sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule |
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| The number of mols of the substance present per liter of solution |
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| Compounds that minimize changes in pH |
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| Maintining relatively constant conditions |
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Initial molecules written in chemical reactions
(shown on the left) |
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Resulting reaction in a chemical reaction
(written on the right) |
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| When the forward and reverse reactions proceed at the same rate, the quantities of reactants and products remain constant |
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Heat being absorbed
("Within heating") |
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Heat being released
("Outside heating") |
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| The capacity to do work or to supply heat |
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| Potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds |
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| Kinetic energy of molecular motion |
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| A measure of how much thermal energy a molecule possesses |
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| Thermal energy transferred between two objects |
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| First Law of Thermodynamics |
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| Energy is conserved - it cannot be created or destroyed, but only transferred and transformed |
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| The amount of disorder in a system |
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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| Entropy always increases in an isolated system |
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| Certain molecules were synthesized from gases in the atomosphere or arrived via meteorites and resulted in an "organic soup" that allowed for continued construction of larger, even more complex molecules |
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| Dissolved gases came in contact with minerals lining the walls of deep-sea vents and formed more complex, organic molecules |
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| Fragments that have unpaired electrons in their outermost shells and are extremely reactive |
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| Provides the appropriate chemical environment for reactants to interact with one another effectively |
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Critically important H-,N-,O-,P-, and S- containing groups found in organic compounds
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