Term
page 662
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
(1863-1914) |
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Definition
Heir apparent to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination in Sarajevo set in motion the events that started WWI.
Significance: -assassination precipitated events that led to first World War
Analyze: -assassinated by a Serbian, therefore A.H. felt it could declare war on the troubled nation
-other nations were affected due to alliances |
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Term
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Definition
Front established in WWI; generally along line from Belgium to Switzerland; featured trench warfare and horrendous casualties for all sides in the conflict.
Significance: -major battleground of WWI due to geographic location
-staggering levels of death occurred here
Analyze: -Germany initially hoped to annex France by passing through Belgium, but the Triple Entente worked to counteract that intention |
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Term
page 665
Nicholas II
(r. 1894-1917) |
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Definition
Forcefully suppressed political opposition and resisted constitutional government; deposed by revolution in 1917.
Significance: -his army was consistently defeated by German forces
-social unrest grew due to oppressive reforms and resistance to constitutional government
Analyze: -lack of industrial technology in Russia
-conservatism of tsar proved detrimental |
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Term
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Definition
Peninsula south of Istanbul; site of decisive 1915 Turkish victory over Australian and New Zealand forces under British command during WWI.
Significance: -site where Turks defeated Australian and New Zealand allies of Britain
Analyze: -lack of military technology due to years of oppression and being a colonial holding |
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Term
page 668
Armenian genocide |
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Definition
Assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915; over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and Middle East.
Significance: -example of extreme ethnic and religious prejudice
Analyze: -Young Turks leaders embarrassed by defeats on Russian front due to poor planning; used Christian Armenians as scapegoat |
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Term
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Definition
Most mobile of fronts established during WWI; after early successes; military defeats led to downfall of the tsarist government in Russia.
Significance: -numerous defeats led to end of tsarist government
- -used to fend off Russians while Western Front soldiers attempted to reach France
Analyze: -lack of technology, social upheaval, poor governance |
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Term
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Definition
Nazi leader of fascist Germany from 1933 to suicide 1945; created strongly centralized state in Germany; eliminated all rivals; launched Germany on aggressive foreign policy leader to WWII; responsible for genocide of European Jews.
Significance: -ruthless leader of Germany who consolidated position through centralized gov't
-convinced German people their nation had been betrayed by socialist and Jewish politicians
Analyze: -period of turmoil following WWI made populace easier to manipulate and rally |
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Term
page 670
self-determination |
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Definition
Right of people in a region to determine whether to be independent or not.
Significance: -suggested by Wilson as a means through which new nations could define their autonomy
Analyze: -really only meant to apply to white ethnic groups in Europe, which had recently been dropped from the defunct Austro-Hungarian empire |
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Term
page 671
League of Nations |
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Definition
International diplomatic and peace org. created in Treaty of Versailles that ended WWI; one of the chief goals of President Wilson in the peace negotiations; US was never a member.
Significance: -formed to ensure war would not break out again
-despite role in forming league, US was not a member
Analyze: -no one wanted to witness another World War
-isolationism was growing to be popular in US |
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Term
page 673
National Congress Party |
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Definition
Grew out of regional associations of Western-Educated Indians; originally centered in cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras; became political party in 1885; focus of nationalist movement in India; governed through most of postcolonial period.
Significance: -led Indians to independence
Analyze: -acted as representatives of educated Indians but concern over British oppression and racism spurred new waves of nationalism and social movements |
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Term
page 674
B.G. Tilak
(1856-1920) |
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Definition
Believed that nationalism in India should be based on Hindu beliefs; worked to promote restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions; offended Muslims and other religious groups; first populist leader in Indian nationalist movement.
Significance: -stressed revival of HIndu tradition and rejected education or rights for women
-grew more radical as time passed; condoned violent revolution
Analyze: -believed that, because they composed the majority of the population, Hindus and their culture should form the basis of nationalism |
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Term
page 675
Morley-Minto Reforms |
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Definition
Provided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-India legislative councils.
Significance: -gave educated Indians more chances to represent fellow civilians in legislative councils
Analyze: -result of Indian advocation of peaceful, constitutionalist path to decolonization and acquiescence of British |
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Term
page 675
Montagu-Chelmsford reforms |
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Definition
Increased the powers of Indian legislators at all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies w/ substantial numbers of elected Indians; passed in 1919.
Significance: -gave more governing power to native Indian legislators
Analyze: -Britain was supposedly honoring wartime promises of Indian independence, but these reforms were later counteracted by the Rowlatt Act |
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Term
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Definition
Placed severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of press; acted to offset concessions granted under Montagu-Chelsmford reforms of 1919.
Significance: -diminished civil rights of Indian people, such as freedom of press; generated local protest
Analyze: -meant to offset liberties granted by Montagu-Chelmsford reforms |
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Term
page 675
Mohandas Gandhi
(1869-1948) |
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Definition
Led sustained all-India campaign for independence from British empire after WWI; stressed nonviolent but aggressive mass protest.
Significance: -led mass movements of nonviolent protest against oppressive laws of British Empire
Analyze: -result of anger over decades of British maltreatment and desire to gain civil liberties and eventual independent from colonial rule |
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Term
page 676
satyagraha
[suh-TYAH-grah-huh] |
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Definition
Literally, "truth-force"; strategy of nonviolent protest developed by Gandhi and his followers in India; later deployed throughout colonized world and USA.
Significance: -extremely influential method of protest
Analyze: -offered possibility of positive reforms without injury and criminality of violent protest |
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Term
page 676
Lord Cromer
(1841-1917) |
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Definition
British proconsul in khedival Egypt from 1883-1907; pushed for economic reforms that reduced but failed to eliminate debts of khedival regime.
Significance: -reduced (but could not completely get rid of) debts of khedival regime
-responsible for construction of public works at a high cost
Analyze: -ineptitude of khedival leaders and decades of unbalanced checkbooks
-works could only be enjoyed by a fraction of the population, while the majority suffered from the repercussions of expensive projects |
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Term
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Definition
Class of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival Egypt; as a class generally favored Egyptian independence.
Significance: -members of small but growing middle class who, more often than not, supported Egyptian independence
Analyze: -awareness of problems of general population, as well as education and economic prosperity, may have spurred desire for independence |
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