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| anything that has mass and occupies space |
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Solid- definite shape and volume
Liquid - changeable shape; def volume
Gas - changeable shape and volume |
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| Capacity to do work or put matter into motion |
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| Stored in bonds of chemical substances |
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| Results from movement of charged particles |
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| Directly involved in moving matter |
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| Radiant/Electromagnetic Energy |
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| Travels in waves (eg visible light, ultraviolet light, and x-rays) |
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Definition
Matter is composed of elements
Elements cannot be broken into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods
Each has unique properties
Physical
Detectable with our senses, or are measurable
Chemical
how atoms interact (bond w/ one another) |
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Unique building block for each element
Give each element its physical and chem properties
Smallest particles of an element with properties of that element |
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| Major Elements of the Human Body |
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| Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen |
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| Proton, Neutrons, Electrons |
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Number of protons in nucleus
subscript to left of atomic symbol.
3(bot)Li |
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Total number of protons and neutrons in nucleus
Written as superscript to left of atomic symbol (7top)Li |
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Structural variations of atoms
Differ in the number of neutrons they contain
Atomic number same; mass numbers different |
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| Average of mass numbers (relative weights) of all isotopes of an atom |
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Heavy isotopes decompose to more stable forms
Spontaneous decay called radioactivity
Can be detected with scanners
All damage living tissues
Some used to destroy localized cancer |
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Two or more atoms bonded together
Smallest particle of a compound with specific characteristics of the compound |
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Two or more atoms bonded together
Smallest particle of a compound with specific characteristics of the compound |
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| Two or more different kinds of atoms bonded together |
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| Solutions, Colloids, Suspension |
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Homogenous mixture
Solute particles are very tiny, do not settle out or scatter light
Solvent
Substance present in greatest (water)
Solute
present in smaller ammounts |
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| Concentration of True Solutions |
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Definition
Can be expressed as
Percent of solute in total solution (assumed to be water)
Parts solute per 100 parts solvent
Milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl)
Molarity, or moles per liter (M)
1 mole of an element or compound = Its atomic or molecular weight (sum of atomic weights) in grams
1 mole of any substance contains 6.02 1023 molecules of that substance (Avogadro’s number) |
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Heterogenous mixtures
Solute particles are larger than in a solution and scatter light; do not settle out
Large solute particles do not settle out
Some undergo sol-gel transformations |
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Heterogeneous mixtures
Solute particles are very large; and may scatter light
Large visible solutes settle out |
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No chemical bonding between components
Can be separated by physical means, such as straining or filtering
Heterogenous or homogenous |
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Chemical bonding between components
Can be separated only by breaking bonds
All homogenous |
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Term
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Definition
energy relationships between electrons of reacting atoms
Electrons can occupy up to seven electron shells around nucleus
Electrons in valence shell (outermost electron shell)
Have most potential energy
Are chemically reactive electrons
Octet rule
Except for the first shell (2 E max) atoms interact to have eight electrons in their valence shell |
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| Chemically Inert Elements |
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Definition
Stable and unreactive
Valence shell fully occupied or contains eight electrons
Noble gases |
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| Chemically Reactive Elements |
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Valance shell not full
Tend to gain, lose, or share electrons with other atoms to achieve stability |
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| Three major Chemical Bonds |
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| Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen |
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Ions
Atoms gain or lose electrons and become charged (#P =/ #E)
Transfer of valence shell electrons from one atom to another forms ions
One become an anion (- charge)
Atom gained one or more E
One become cation
Atom lost one or more E
Attraction of opposite charges results in an ionic bond |
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Formed by sharing of two or more valence shell electrons
Allows each atom to fill its valence shell at least part of the time |
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Electrons shared equally
Produced electrically balanced, nonpolar moles such as CO2 |
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Unequal sharing of electrons produces polar (AKA dipole) molecules such as H2O
Atoms in bond have different electron-attracting abilities
Small atoms with six or seven valence electrons are electronegative,
strong electron-attracting abil (O)
Most atoms with one or two valence shell electros are electropositive, (sodiumn) |
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Term
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Definition
Attractive force between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule
Not true bond
common between dipoles such as water
Also act as intramolecular bonds, holding a large molecule in 3d shape |
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| Patterns of Chemical Reactions |
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Definition
| Synthesis, Decomposition, Exchange |
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Term
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A + B =AB
Atoms or molecules combine to form larger, more complex molecule
Always involve bond formation
Anabolic |
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AB -> A + B
Molecule is broken down into smaller ones
Involve breaking of bonds
Catabolic |
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AB + C -> AC + B
Also called displacement reactions
Involve both synthesis and decomposition
Bonds are both made and broken |
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| oxidation-reduction reactions |
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Definition
Are decomposition reactions
Reactions in whihc food fuels are broken down for energy
Are also exchange reactions because electrons are exchanged between reactants |
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