Term
| Describe the inorganic ions of the cell |
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Definition
Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl
Phosphate (HPO4)2-
Bicarbonate (HCO3)- |
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Term
Describe Carbohydrates
1. Formula
2. Configuration
3. Combination of monos |
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Definition
1. (CH20)n
2. alpha- C1 is down beta- C1 is up
3. dehydration rxn--> linked by glycosidic bond |
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Term
| Describe Storage of carbohydrates |
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Definition
1. Animals- glycogen
2. Plants- starch
*both in alpha configuration
-C1 binds to C4
-branches= C1 to C6
Cellulose- unbranched and in beta form |
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Term
Describe the function of each carbohydrate
1. Glucose
2. Oligo
3. Poly |
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Definition
1. major nutrient- energy
2. linked to protein and assist in folding and act as targets
3. cell markers for recognition process, adhesion and transport
-both play in cell to cell interaction |
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Term
| Describe the 3 main roles of lipids |
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Definition
1. Energy Storage- twice as good as carbohydrates
2. Component of cell membrane
3. Cell signaling: steroid and messengers |
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Term
Describe Fatty Acids
1. General
2. Types
3. Storage |
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Definition
1. simplest lipids: long HC chains (16-18) with COO- at end
2. Unsat- one or more double bonds Sat- no doubles
3. Triglycerols- 3 FA with glycerol
-insoluble and collect in cytoplasm
-can be broken down for energy |
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Term
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Definition
1. principal component of cell membranes
-2 FA with polar head
2. Glycerol phospholipds- 2 FA bound to glycerol
-other C of glycerol bound to phosphate group
*Sphingomyelin is only nonglycerol: contains two HC chains linked to polar head from serine
3. Amphipathic- part soluble/insoluble |
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Term
| Describe Components of cell membranes |
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Definition
1. phospholipids
2. glycolipids- two HC chains linked to polar head that contains carbohydrate
3. Cholesterol- four HC rings and OH group
-still amphipathic |
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Term
| Describe signaling lipids |
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Definition
Steroids- derivatives of cholesterol
-signal between and within cells
ex. testosterone and estrogen |
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Term
| Describe the polymerization of nucleotides |
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Definition
-Phosphodiester bonds
-between 5' phosphate and 3' OH |
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Term
| Functions of nucleic acids |
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Definition
1. Genetic info
-DNA or RNA
2. Protein synthesis
3. Energy storage- ATP
4. Signaling- cyclic AMP |
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Term
| Describe functions of proteins |
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Definition
1. structural components- cytoskeleton, ECM
2. transport and storage of molecules- hemoglobin
3. transmit information- hormones (insulin)
4. Defense against infection- antibodies
5. Enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
-most diverse of all macromolecules
-each cell contains several thousand proteins
-proteins direct virtually all activities of cell |
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Term
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Definition
-chains of amino acids bonded by peptide bonds
N-C-CO-N-C-CO...
-synthesized from free amine to carboxy terminus |
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Term
| Describe protein denaturing |
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Definition
-either by heat, pH, or Chaotropic 6M Guanidine HCl
-disulfide linkages (very stable) would break and then reform
*demonstrated that all the info for shape was in AA sequence |
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Term
| Describe the study of 3D protein shape |
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Definition
X-ray crystallography
-xrays directed at protein and pattern of xrays pass through are detected
-xrays are scattered in patterns determined by the arrangement of atoms in molecule |
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Term
| Describe the first two levels of protein structure |
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Definition
1. amino acid sequence
2. arrangement of AA
a. alpha helix
-hydrogen bonds between NH and CO
-n,4 (1,4 or 2,5)
-3.4 AA per turn
-coil around each other
b. beta sheet
-polypetides lie side by side
-parallel or antiparallel |
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Term
| Describe the 3rd and 4th levels of protein structure |
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Definition
Tertiary- folding of polypeptide chain as result of interactions between side chains
-alpha and beta fold into domains
-critical determinant is hydrophobic AA (stay in center)
-loops: connect beta and alpha, contain polar, are variable
Quaternary- interactions of different polypeptide chains
ex. hemoglobin is four polypeptide chains |
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Term
Describe cell membrane composition
1. plasma
2. mitochondrial |
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Definition
1. 50:50 lipid to protein
2. 25:75 lipid to protein (metabolic proteins) |
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Term
Describe fluidity of membrane
1. determinants
2. cholesterol |
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Definition
1. based on temperature and lipid composition
-shorter FA chains and unsat are less rigid
2. cholesterol decreases fluidity because of rings
-also maintains fluidity at lower temp because it reduces integration at lower temperatures
*molecules can rotate and move in lateral direction |
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Term
Describe the following membrane proteins
1. Integral
2. Peripheral |
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Definition
1. embedded directly into membrane
2. not inserted into membrane but interact with integral proteins |
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Term
| Describe Transmembrane proteins |
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Definition
-span the lipid bilayer, exposed on both sides
-contain carbohydrates for cell to cell interaction
-usually contain alpha helical regions with 20-25 nonpolar AA
Beta barrel: folding of beta sheets into barrel like structure
-found in bacteria, chloroplasts, mitochondria |
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Term
Describe cell permeability
1. permeable molecules
2. impermeable molecules |
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Definition
1. H2O, O2, CO2
-small, uncharged
2. all ions, glucose, amino acids
-large or charged |
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Term
Describe transport proteins
1. Channel
2. Carrier
3. Passive
4. Active |
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Definition
1. form open pores and allow free passage
-can be opened/closed in response to cellular signals
2. facilitate passage across membrane (glucose)
-undergo conformational change
3. going with concentration gradient
4. going against a gradient
-ATP is used |
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