Term
| TRUE or FALSE: no archaea are known to cause disease in humans |
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Definition
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Term
| What would you call a bacteria that causes disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are infectious diseases spread? |
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Definition
| An infectious disease is one spread by being passed from an infected individual to an uninfected individual |
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Term
| What is the use of Koch's postulates? |
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Definition
| Koch's postulates are used to confirm a causative link between a specific infectious disease and infectious microbe |
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Term
| What did Koch's experiments eventually become the basis for? |
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Definition
| Koch's experiments became the basis for the germ theory of disease. |
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Term
| What is the germ theory of disease? |
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Definition
| The germ theory of disease states that infectious diseases are caused by bacteria and viruses |
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Term
| What are the four parts of Koch's postulates? |
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Definition
1) the microbes must be present in individual suffering from the disease and absent from healthy individuals
2) the organism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture away from the host organism
3) if organisms from the pure culture are injected into a healthy experimental animal, the disease symptoms should appear
4) the organisms should be isolated from the diseased experimental animal again grown in a pure culture, and demonstrated by size, shape, color to be the same as the original organism |
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Term
| What are some common serious pollutants found in soils rivers and ponds? |
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Definition
| Organic compounds that were originally used as solvents or fuels but leaked or were spilled into the environment. These types of pollutants do not dissolve in water and accumulate in sediments |
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Term
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Definition
| Bioremediation is the use of bacteria and archaea to degrade pollutants. |
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Term
| What are the two complementary strategies often used in bioremediation? |
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Definition
1) fertilizing contaminated sites to encourage the growth of existing bacteria and archaea that degrade toxic compounds
2) adding specific species of bacteria and archaea to contaminated sites |
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Term
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Definition
| Extremophiles are bacteria or archaea that live in high salt, high-temperature, low temperature or high-pressure habitats. |
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Term
| True or false: astrobiologists use extremophiles as model organisms in the search for extraterrestrial life |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the first organisms to perform oxygenic photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long did the earth exist with no free molecular oxygen? |
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Definition
| No free molecular oxygen existed for the first 2.3 billion years of Earth's history |
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Term
| How were cyanobacteria responsible for a fundamental change in the history of evolution? |
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Definition
| The cyanobacteria cause a change in Earth's atmosphere to one with a high concentration of oxygen, once oxygen was common in the oceans aerobic respiration became possible. |
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Term
| What is anaerobic respiration? |
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Definition
| The use of compounds other than oxygen as the final electron acceptor |
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Term
| Why is the development of aerobic respiration important? |
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Definition
| Oxygen is an efficient electron acceptor and much more energy is released with oxygen as the ultimate electron acceptor rather then other substances |
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Term
| What is the role of certain bacteria in the nitrogen cycle? |
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Definition
- all eukaryotes and many bacteria and archaea cannot utilize molecular nitrogen, they must obtain nitrogen in a form such as ammonia or nitrate
- the only organisms capable of converting molecular nitrogen to ammonia are bacteria
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Term
| What are three ways biologist study bacteria and archaea? |
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Definition
| Using enrichment cultures, direct sequence and evaluating molecular phylogenies |
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Term
| True or False: most of the current advancement in the understanding of bacteria and archaea occurred in the genetic research boom of the 1990s |
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Definition
| False: our understanding of bacteria and archaea is advancing more rapidly now then any time during the past 100 years |
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Term
| How are enrichment cultures used to study bacteria? |
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Definition
| Enrichment cultures are based on establishing a specific set of growing conditions temperature, lighting, substrates, types available food, etc. Cells that thrive under the specified conditions will increase in numbers enough to be isolated and studied in detail |
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Term
| What two new lineages of archaea were discovered using direct sequencing? |
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Definition
| Korarchaeota and Nanoarchaeota |
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Term
| True or false: The archaea and bacteria are more closely related to each other than to the eukarya |
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Definition
| False: archaea and eukarya are more closely related to each other than to the bacteria |
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Term
| In relevance to bacteria, what did the creation of a tree of life based on ribosomal RNA sequences show? |
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Definition
| The tree of life based on ribosomal RNA sequences shows three domains: archaea, bacteria and eukarya |
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Term
| What was the first lineage to diverge from the common ancestor of all living organisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are bacteria and archaea capable of living in a wide array of environments? |
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Definition
| Because they vary and cell structure and in how they make a living |
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Term
| What causes gram-positive bacteria to retain the stain? |
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Definition
| Their thick outer layer of peptidoglycan absorbs the Gram stain |
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Term
| Which type of bacteria is more susceptible antibiotics, gram-positive or gram-negative? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of bacteria is most frequently a pathogen to humans, gram-positive or gram-negative? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three ways that bacteria enter archaea produce ATP? |
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Definition
- Photophosphorylation
- cellular respiration with sugars serving as electron donors or fermentation
- cellular respiration with inorganic compounds serving of the electron donor |
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Term
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Definition
| Phototrophs use light energy to produce ATP |
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Term
| What are chemoorganotrophs? |
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Definition
| Chemoorganotrophs oxidize organic molecules with high potential energy |
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Term
| What are chemolithotrophs? |
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Definition
| chemolithotrophs oxidize inorganic molecules with high potential energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Autotrophs manufacture their own carbon containing compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| Heterotrophs live by consuming organisms already containing carbon containing compounds |
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Term
| What is non-oxygenic photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| Non-oxygenic photosynthesis is the use of molecules other than water as the electron donor for producing ATP in bacteria. |
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Term
| What is the basic mechanism in cellular respiration? |
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Definition
| A molecule with high potential energy servers as an electron donor and is oxidized and a molecule with low potential energy serves as a final electron acceptor and is reduced |
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Term
| What is the end product of cellular respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Fermentation is a strategy for making ATP without using electron transport chains |
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Term
| True or False: bacteria and archaea can, as a group, use virtually any molecule with relatively high potential energy as a source of high-energy electrons for producing ATP |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: there are a few known parasitic archaea |
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Definition
| False: there are no known parasitic Arcadia |
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