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energy stored in bonds of molecules |
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energy associated with the movement of charged particles across cell membranes |
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energy that moves objects |
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energy that travels in waves (light and sound) |
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measured by the effects on matter. capacity to do work or put matter in motion |
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occurs when chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken |
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two or more substances physically intermixed. solute dissolved in solvent |
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dissolving medium. substance present in greatest amount. usually water in the human body |
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substance being dissolved. substance present in the smallest amount |
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percentage of the solute in solution |
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study of chemical composition and reactions in living matter |
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do not contain C (ex: water, salts, acids, bases) |
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contain C and covalent bonds (ex: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins) water is required to form and break bonds. cells link smaller units together via dehydration synthesis |
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when dissolved in water, dissociates and releases free hydrogen ions |
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when dissolved in water, dissociates and releases hydroxyl ions. (remove H+ from solution) |
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molecules that resist changes in pH of body fluids |
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ionic molecules that dissociate in water releasing cations other than H+. releasing anions other than OH- |
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ions that conduct electrical currents when in solution. Essential in functioning of nerve and muscle cells |
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process by which a large molecule is made by removing water and forming a covalent bond b/t the smaller molecules |
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process by which water is used to split a large molecule into smaller molecules by BREAKING covalent bonds |
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sugars, starches, glycogen. composed of HCO source of cellular fuel and attached to plasma membrane of cells allowing them to recognize each other |
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smallest unit glucose, galactose, fructose, deoxyribose, ribose structure: hexose and pentose sugars |
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two sugars sucrose, maltose, lactose |
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many sugars. large molecules made up of long chains of monosaccharides linked by DEHYDRATION synthesis starch, cellulose, glycogen |
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hydrophobic functions: protection, insulation, component of plasma membrane, long-term energy storage composed of C, H, O. some contain P |
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(solid fats and oils) large lipids, made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids. Insulation and protection |
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only single covalent bonds b/t carbon in fatty acid chains solid at room temp |
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one or more double bonds b/t carbon liquid at room temp |
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phospholipids (diglycerides) |
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glycerol + phosphorous group + 2 fatty acids major component of plasma membranes |
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lipids with 4 carbon rings bonded together cholesterol |
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part of steroid. component of plasma membrane, structural basis for production of Vitamin D |
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composed of C, H, O, N (may contain S,P). smallest unit is amino acids, which are linked together by dehydration synthesis to form peptide bonds |
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actin, myosin; movement within organs and whole body |
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proteins function keratin, collagen, elastin |
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protein function as antibodies |
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proteins function as hemoglobin |
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proteins function as hormones |
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proteins function as biological catalysts |
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proteins regulate pH
regulates acid-base balance |
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unfolding and loss of the specific 3D shape of a protein shape and function are both lost |
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speeds up action without being changed in the process |
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composed of C, H, N, O, P ex: DNA, RNA, ATP each contain phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base linked by dehydration synthesis b/t sugar and phosphate group |
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double strand of nucleotides located in nucleus of cell ensures genetic info in daughter cells instructions for protein synthesis |
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single strand of nucleotides sugar present is ribose carries out DNA's instructions for protein synthesis |
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usable energy of cell is captured and stored in bonds b/t phosphate groups phosphate can be reattached to ADP by dehydration synthesis and an input of energy contain:(adnenine nitrogenous base, ribose sugar 5C, 3 phosphates) |
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chemical reaction in which a phosphate molecule is added to another molecule |
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total of all the chemical reactions occurring in the body cells |
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energy requiring (endergonic) building phase of metabolism smaller molecules are combined by dehydration synthesis to make larger molecules |
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energy releasing (exergonic) breaking down phase of metabolism larger molecules are broken down by hydrolysis to make smaller molecules |
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energy in the form of ______ is most useful form of energy. |
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Body's major transport medium |
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carbon - nitrogen bond between amine group and carboxylic group. formed by dehydration of amino acids. broken by hydrolysis |
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more than two amino acids |
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area on an enzyme that fits another molecule(substrate) of complementary shape. |
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other molecule which area on enzyme bonds to |
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conatain: Phosphate group, 5C sugar(ribose or deoxyribose), nitrogenous base(5types) linked by dehydration synthesis between sugar and phosphate group |
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