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Chapter 2
(ch.2) Chemistry Comes Alive
58
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/01/2013

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Term
chemical
Definition
energy stored in bonds of molecules
Term
electrical
Definition
energy associated with the movement of charged particles across cell membranes
Term
mechanical
Definition
energy that moves objects
Term
radiant/electromagnetic
Definition
energy that travels in waves (light and sound)
Term
energy
Definition
measured by the effects on matter. capacity to do work or put matter in motion
Term
chemical reaction
Definition
occurs when chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken
Term
solution
Definition
two or more substances physically intermixed. solute dissolved in solvent
Term
solvent
Definition
dissolving medium. substance present in greatest amount. usually water in the human body
Term
solute
Definition
substance being dissolved. substance present in the smallest amount
Term
solution concentration
Definition
percentage of the solute in solution
Term
biochemistry
Definition
study of chemical composition and reactions in living matter
Term
inorganic compounds
Definition
do not contain C
(ex: water, salts, acids, bases)
Term
organic compounds
Definition
contain C and covalent bonds
(ex: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins)
water is required to form and break bonds. cells link smaller units together via dehydration synthesis
Term
acids
Definition
when dissolved in water, dissociates and releases free hydrogen ions
Term
bases
Definition
when dissolved in water, dissociates and releases hydroxyl ions. (remove H+ from solution)
Term
buffer
Definition
molecules that resist changes in pH of body fluids
Term
salts
Definition
ionic molecules that dissociate in water releasing cations other than H+. releasing anions other than OH-
Term
electrolytes
Definition
ions that conduct electrical currents when in solution. Essential in functioning of nerve and muscle cells
Term
dehydration synthesis
Definition
process by which a large molecule is made by removing water and forming a covalent bond b/t the smaller molecules
Term
hydrolysis
Definition
process by which water is used to split a large molecule into smaller molecules by BREAKING covalent bonds
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
sugars, starches, glycogen.
composed of HCO
source of cellular fuel and attached to plasma membrane of cells allowing them to recognize each other
Term
monosaccharides
Definition
smallest unit
glucose, galactose, fructose, deoxyribose, ribose
structure: hexose and pentose sugars
Term
disaccharides
Definition
two sugars
sucrose, maltose, lactose
Term
polysaccharides
Definition
many sugars. large molecules made up of long chains of monosaccharides linked by DEHYDRATION synthesis
starch, cellulose, glycogen
Term
lipids
Definition
hydrophobic
functions: protection, insulation, component of plasma membrane, long-term energy storage
composed of C, H, O. some contain P
Term
triglycerides
Definition
(solid fats and oils) large lipids, made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids. Insulation and protection
Term
saturated triglyceride
Definition
only single covalent bonds b/t carbon in fatty acid chains
solid at room temp
Term
unsaturated triglyceride
Definition
one or more double bonds b/t carbon
liquid at room temp
Term
phospholipids (diglycerides)
Definition
glycerol + phosphorous group + 2 fatty acids
major component of plasma membranes
Term
steroids
Definition
lipids with 4 carbon rings bonded together
cholesterol
Term
cholesterol
Definition
part of steroid. component of plasma membrane, structural basis for production of Vitamin D
Term
proteins
Definition
composed of C, H, O, N (may contain S,P). smallest unit is amino acids, which are linked together by dehydration synthesis to form peptide bonds
Term
contractile proteins
Definition
actin, myosin; movement within organs and whole body
Term
structural proteins
Definition
proteins function keratin, collagen, elastin
Term
defensive proteins
Definition
protein function as antibodies
Term
transport proteins
Definition
proteins function as hemoglobin
Term
signal proteins
Definition
proteins function as hormones
Term
enzymes proteins
Definition
proteins function as biological catalysts
Term
buffer proteins
Definition

proteins regulate pH

regulates acid-base balance

Term
denaturation
Definition
unfolding and loss of the specific 3D shape of a protein
shape and function are both lost
Term
enzyme
Definition
speeds up action without being changed in the process
Term
nucleic acids
Definition
composed of C, H, N, O, P
ex: DNA, RNA, ATP
each contain phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base
linked by dehydration synthesis b/t sugar and phosphate group
Term
DNA
Definition
double strand of nucleotides
located in nucleus of cell
ensures genetic info in daughter cells
instructions for protein synthesis
Term
RNA
Definition
single strand of nucleotides
sugar present is ribose
carries out DNA's instructions for protein synthesis
Term
ATP
Definition
usable energy of cell is captured and stored in bonds b/t phosphate groups
phosphate can be reattached to ADP by dehydration synthesis and an input of energy
contain:(adnenine nitrogenous base, ribose sugar 5C, 3 phosphates)
Term
phosphorylation
Definition
chemical reaction in which a phosphate molecule is added to another molecule
Term
metabolism
Definition
total of all the chemical reactions occurring in the body cells
Term
anabolism
Definition
energy requiring (endergonic) building phase of metabolism
smaller molecules are combined by dehydration synthesis to make larger molecules
Term
catabolism
Definition
energy releasing (exergonic) breaking down phase of metabolism
larger molecules are broken down by hydrolysis to make smaller molecules
Term
ATP
Definition
energy in the form of ______ is most useful form of energy.
Term
Water
Definition
Body's major transport medium
Term
peptide bonds
Definition
carbon - nitrogen bond between amine group and carboxylic group. formed by dehydration of amino acids. broken by hydrolysis
Term
dipeptide
Definition
made of two amino acids
Term
polypeptide
Definition
more than two amino acids
Term
proteins
Definition
50 or more amino acids
Term
active site
Definition
area on an enzyme that fits another molecule(substrate) of complementary shape.
Term
substrate
Definition
other molecule which area on enzyme bonds to
Term
nucleotide
Definition
conatain: Phosphate group, 5C sugar(ribose or deoxyribose), nitrogenous base(5types) linked by dehydration synthesis between sugar and phosphate group
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