Term
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Definition
- Changes in living organisms over time
- Explains how modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms |
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Term
| What has the fossil record shown us? |
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Definition
- Many creatures that lived in the past don’t exist today
- The creatures alive today haven’t always been around
- Many creatures in the past looked like living ones we see today |
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Definition
| a mix of different individuals |
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Definition
| Nature selects the ones that “fit” the environment better … survive & reproduce |
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Definition
| similarities between all living things |
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Definition
| wide variety of different creatures on Earth |
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Term
| Charles Darwin (1809-1882) |
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Definition
- Developed ideas on how evolution works
- How did creatures change over time
- Many different birds on the Galapagos Islands.
- Natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
- Overproduction
- Competition
- variation
- adaptation |
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Definition
| Produce more offspring than can survive to reproduce |
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Definition
| Living space & food are limited creating competition among species |
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Definition
| Inherited trait that improves chances of survival & reproduction in a particular environment |
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Definition
Involve body
E.g. wings, fins, webbed feet, etc |
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| Physiological adaptations |
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Definition
Involves metabolism
E.g. spider web protein, venom, etc. |
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Definition
Camouflage
Blend into environment
E.g. flounders blend into ocean floor |
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Term
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Definition
Easy to see, bright colors, warning that may be poisonous
E.g. poison dart frog, |
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Definition
Look like another organism
E.g. Viceroy butterfly looks like inedible monarch butterfly |
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Term
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Definition
- Structural
- physiological
- protective
- warning
- mimicry |
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Term
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Definition
Formation of a new species due to build up of variations from natural selection
Species – group of interbreeding organisms that can produce fertile offspring |
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Term
| Evidence supporting evolution (4) |
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Definition
- fossil record
- anatomical record
- molecular record (DNA, proteins)
- artificial selection (human caused) |
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Term
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Definition
Structures that come from the same origin but have different functions.
(human hands and cats front paws) |
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Definition
same function different structure & development
(bird and bug wings) |
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Definition
Structures that are no longer functional, but were functional in an ancestor
E.g. human appendix |
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Term
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Definition
- Development of embryo tells an evolutionary story - similar structures during development
- the longer the embryos look alike the more closely related they are. |
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Term
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Definition
| Comparing DNA & protein structure |
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Term
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Definition
| we can recreate a similar process |
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Term
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Definition
| Humans create the change over time by choosing which animals to breed. |
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Term
| Unexpected consequences of artificial selection |
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Definition
Pesticide resistance
Antibiotic resistance |
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Term
| Modern Theory of Evolution |
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Definition
-Combines Darwin’s idea of natural selection with genetics
- change in allele frequency of a population over time |
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Term
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Definition
| study of changes in the genetic makeup of populations. |
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Term
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Definition
| group of organisms of the same species living together in a given region and capable of interbreeding |
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Term
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Definition
| total of all alleles present in the population. |
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Term
| Where does the variation in populations come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the variation in populations come from? |
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Definition
Sexual Reproduction
New combinations of alleles arise during sexual reproduction
From crossing over, independent assortment, etc. |
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Term
| Where does the variation in populations come from? |
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Definition
Migration
When individuals move in or out of a population they bring in or remove alleles from the population
Greatest effect on small populations |
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Term
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Definition
Change in the gene pool of a small population that is brought about by chance.
Decreases variation in gene pool and harmful to population.
Two types:
Bottleneck Effect
Founder Effect |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition where allele frequencies in a population don’t change from generation to generation (no evolution) |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinberg's theory of why evolution may occur. |
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Definition
Conditions
Large population
Random mating
No migration
No mutations
No natural selection
Evolution will occur if one or more of the following conditions change. |
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Term
| Types of Natural Selection |
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Definition
- Directional
- Stabilizing
- Disruptive |
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Term
| Directional natural selection |
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Definition
Extreme phenotype selected for
May be due to change in environment, migration to new area
E.g. long neck giraffe |
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Term
| Stabilizing natural selection |
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Definition
Average phenotype selected for, less variation
Most common
E.g. medium mouse |
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Term
| Disruptive Natural Selection |
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Definition
Extreme phenotypes selected for
Creates two subpopulations
E.g. light tan & dark brown crabs |
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Term
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Definition
– anything that prevents two groups within a species from
Geographic
Occurs when population is divided by natural barrier,
e.g. mountain, desert, river, etc.
Reproductive
Loss of ability to interbreed
Could be due to differences in courtship behavior, mating times, structure of sex organs, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sudden speciation due to abnormal meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Species evolves into a number of different species, each occupying a new environment |
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Term
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Definition
- isolation
- polyploidy
- adaptive radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| Unrelated species that resemble on another due to natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
| Two or more species evolving because of cooperation or competition |
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Term
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Definition
Disappearance of an entire species
Can’t survive to reproduce
Harmful genetic traits become widespread
Mass extinctions – natural events that drastically change climate |
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Term
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Definition
Gradualism - Evolution occurs slowly and continuously over thousands and millions of years
- Punctuated Equilibrium - Species remain the same (in equilibrium) for long periods of time, then go through a short period of evolution (few hundred or thousand years)
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Term
| Origin of Life – Heterotroph Hypothesis |
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Definition
Primitive atmosphere was hot & contained hydrogen, ammonia, methane, & water vapor
Earth cooled, oceans formed, & were full of organic molecules
Simple organic molecules formed
Primitive cell membranes formed
Anaerobic prokaryote appear
Photosynthetic prokaryotes appear
Oxygen in atmosphere increased, ozone layer formed, dominant organisms perform aerobic respiration
Eukaryotes appear
endosymbiosis
Multicellular eukaryotes appear |
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