Term
Normal pH Range of the Blood:
Normal pH Range of the Urine: 4.6 to 8.0 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
a substance that resists sudden changes in pH
- Works immediately |
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Term
| a. Protein Buffer Systems |
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Definition
- Ex. Hemoglobin, albumin
- Can buffer both acids and bases.
- Intracellular & blood plasma
- Ref. amino acid structure |
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Term
| b. Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System |
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Definition
- Both intracellular & extracellular
- There is twenty times more bicarbonate (HCO3-) present in fluids than carbonic acid (H2CO3) |
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Term
| c. Phosphate Buffer System |
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Definition
- Intracellular & extracellular function
- Dihydrogen Phosphate (H2PO4-)
Accepts an –OH- to buffer an base
- Monohydrogen phosphate (HPO42-)
Accepts a hydrogen ion to buffer an acid
- Phosphates are found in calcium hydroxyapatite, nucleic acids, ATP .... |
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Term
| Exhaling Carbon Dioxide from the lungs. |
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Definition
- reduces the amount of carbonic acid in the body
- works in 1 to 3 minutes
- can only remove CO2, not other acids |
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Term
| Removal of hydrogen ions by the Kidneys |
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Definition
- also the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions
- works in minutes to hours |
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Term
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Definition
– pH of the blood falls below 7.35
- Depresses CNS function (leading to disorientation, coma, death) |
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Term
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Definition
- pH of the blood rises above 7.45
- Excites the CNS, i.e. neurons can fire when they are not stimulated (leading to nervousness, muscle spasm, convulsions, death) |
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Term
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Definition
| – the physiological response to acid-base imbalance, leading to the normalization of pH |
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Term
| Respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis |
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Definition
| are primary disorders of blood PCO2, i.e. respiratory acidosis has an elevated partial pressure of carbon dioxide and a low blood pH. Ex. hypoventilation |
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Term
| Metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis |
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Definition
| are primary disorders of bicarbonate ion concentration, i.e. metabolic acidosis has a low bicarbonate ion level and a lower pH. Ex. Increase in acidic metabolic byproducts, loss of bicarbonate ions, and failure of Kidney to release adequate amounts of hydrogen ions. |
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