Term
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Definition
Low (not enough) water volume
Dehydration
Decreases blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
High (excess) water volume
Increases blood pressure
Can cause edema |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Higher concentration of solutes outside the cell
RBC swells/may rupture |
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Term
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Definition
Higher concentration of solutes inside the cell
RBC shrivels |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid outside the PM of cells |
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Term
| Interstitial fluid composes _____ of fluid in the body |
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Definition
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Term
| Babies have a _______ concentration of water than adults |
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Definition
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Term
| Normal fluid loss from the kidneys |
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Definition
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Term
| Normal fluid loss from evaporation (on the skin) |
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Definition
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Term
| Normal fluid loss from exhalation from the lungs |
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Definition
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Term
| Normal fluid loss from feces |
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Definition
100mL/day
Increases with diarrhea |
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Term
| The greatest amount of water reabsoption occurs in: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II |
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Term
| Atrial natiruetic peptide (ANP) |
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Definition
Promotes excretion of Na and Cl
(water follows)
Decreases blood volume
Increases fluid loss |
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Term
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Definition
Directly regulates water loss
Produces a concentrated urine
Stimulated by low water intake |
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Term
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Definition
| Increases the permeability of the collecting ducts |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased fluid loss from the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
Control osmosis of water between body fluid compartments
Serve as cofactors for optimal activity of enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Under 135 mEq/L
Caused by overhydration/inadequate salt intake |
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Term
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Definition
Over 145 mEq/L
Caused by dehydration |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Essential for normal membrane function and CNS (activate gate channels) |
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Term
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Definition
Major cation in cytoplasm
Essential for normal membrane function
Heart greatly depends on K for normal heart rate |
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Term
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Definition
Major anion in bodily fluids
Forms HCl |
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Term
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Definition
Normal muscle and neuron function
Normal bone structure |
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Term
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Definition
High-energy compounds
Nucleic acids
Bone matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| Cofactor of enzymes/normal membrane functions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Mineral in Vitamin B12
Cofactor for transaminations |
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Term
| High PTH levels is an indicator of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Involuntary facial spasm
Due to low calcium levels |
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Term
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Definition
Hand spasm when the pt's blood pressure is being taken
Due to low calcium levels |
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Term
| Increased sodium intake will increase |
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Definition
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Term
| Release of natriuetic peptides causes |
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Definition
An increased Na and water loss in urine
Reduced thirst
Inhibition of ADH/aldosterone/NE |
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Term
| Potassium is gained mainly by |
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Definition
| Digestive tract reabsorption |
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Term
| Potassium is lost mainly by |
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Definition
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Term
| Low ECF levels can cause H+ to be substituted for |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Excessive aldosterone secretion |
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Term
| Hypothalamic osmoreceptor cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle weakness and heart irregularities |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Act quickly to temporarily bind excess H or OH
Quickest responders |
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Term
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Definition
Binds with HCl, forms carbonic acid and NaCl
Buffering system |
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Term
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Definition
Increases blood pH
Reacts with carbonic acid to produce sodium bicarbonate and water |
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Term
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Definition
| Concentration of Cl ions (in RBCs) increases as HCO3 ions diffuse out of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Buffered mainly by potassium salts of Hb and oxyHb |
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Term
| The base/acid ratio should be |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Process of adjustment of pH balance to maintain ratio |
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Term
| The amount of CO2 directly relates to the amount of |
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Definition
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Term
| With increased respirations |
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Definition
Less CO2 remains in the blood
Less carbonic acid and fewer H+ |
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Term
| With decreased respirations |
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Definition
More CO2 remains in the blood
More carbonic acid and more H+ |
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Term
| Acidosis causes ______ to correct it |
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Definition
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Term
| Alkalosis causes _______ to correct it |
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Definition
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Term
| Secretion of NH3 in the urine occurs when |
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Definition
Blood H+ increases
Takes 2-3 days to occur |
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Term
| Ketoacidosis is detected by |
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Definition
| The adrenal glands in the kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
Accumulation of non-respiratory acids from diabetic ketoacidosis/aspirin OD
Kidneys conserve HCO3 and eliminate H+ ions in acidic urine |
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Term
|
Definition
Non-respiratory acids are lost due to vomiting
Kidneys conserve H+ ions and eliminate HCO3 in alkaline urine |
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Term
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Definition
Too much CO2 from hypoventilation
Kidneys conserve HCO3 and eliminate H+ ions in acidic urine |
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Term
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Definition
Too little CO2 from hyperventilation
Kidneys conserve H+ ions and eliminate HCO3 in alkaline urine |
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Term
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Definition
80mmHg to 100mmHg
Does not affect the pH |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
pH < 7.35
PCO2 > 45mmHg
HCO3 < 22mEq/L |
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Term
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Definition
pH > 7.45
PCO2 < 35mmHg
HCO3 > 26 |
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Term
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Definition
| Acid produced from sources other than CO2 |
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Term
| Accumulation of acidic ketone bodies can be caused by |
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Definition
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Term
| If acidosis occurs during pregnancy, ______ is recommended so that: |
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Definition
Saline
Cl ions will replace HCO3 ions |
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Term
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Definition
pH < 7.35 ↓
pCO2 > 45 ↑
Caused by CNS depression, COPD, pulmonary edema, pneumothorax, MI |
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Term
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Definition
pH > 7.45 ↑
pCO2 < 35 ↓
Caused by hyperventilation, anxiety/pain, respiratory distress, fever |
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Term
|
Definition
pH < 7.35 ↓
HCO3 < 22 ↓
Gain of acid: DKA, renal failure, lactic acid buildup (anaerobic), ingestion of ethanol & salicylates
Loss of base: diarrhea, pancreatic drainage |
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Term
|
Definition
pH > 7.45 ↑
HCO3 > 26 ↑
Gain of base: excess HCO3 intake (Antacid)
Loss of acid: NG suction, vomiting, diuresis (excessive urination) |
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Term
| If the lungs have a problem |
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Definition
| The kidneys will compensate |
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Term
| If the kidneys have a problem |
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Definition
| The lungs will compensate |
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Term
| Respiratory compensation takes _____, whereas metabolic compensation can occur in _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Ventricular depolarization occurs during the |
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Definition
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Term
| Ventricular repolarization occurs during the |
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Definition
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Term
| Decrease in blood pressure stimulates |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The majority of CO2 in the blood is carried as |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Reduces surface tension in the alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
| Volume of normal inhalation and exhalation |
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Term
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Definition
Air conduction from lungs to terminal bronchioles
No gas exchange occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| What is left in the lungs after expiration |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| If a substance is detected in the tubular fluid but not in the urine, it must have been |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Bundle of muscle fibers enclosed by a connective tissue sheath |
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Term
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Definition
| Joining of creatine phosphate with ADP to produce ATP |
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Term
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Definition
Joint-muscle load
Most common |
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Term
|
Definition
| Prime mover when extending the knee |
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Term
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Definition
| Posterior side of the leg |
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Term
| Intracellular contains the most |
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Definition
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Term
| If blood pressure is lowered, _________ will also be lowered |
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Definition
| Blood hydrostatic pressure |
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