Term
| What are the primary sex organs? |
|
Definition
| testes in males, ovaries in females |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sex cells called gametes and secrete hormones |
|
|
Term
| What are the accessory reproductive organs? |
|
Definition
| ducts, glands, and external gentialia |
|
|
Term
| What do sex hormones play roles in? |
|
Definition
| development and function of the reproductive organs, sexual behaviors and drives, growth and development of many other organs and tissues |
|
|
Term
| What are the accessory ducts for females? |
|
Definition
| uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina |
|
|
Term
| What are teh female's internal gentialia? |
|
Definition
| ovaries and the internal ducts |
|
|
Term
| What are the cells around the oocyte called? |
|
Definition
| follicle cells, granulosa cells |
|
|
Term
| WHat is the primordial follicle? |
|
Definition
| one layer of squamouslike follicle cells surrounds the oocyte |
|
|
Term
| What is a Primary follicle |
|
Definition
| two or more layers of cuboidal granulosa cells enclose the oocyte |
|
|
Term
| What is a secondary follicle? |
|
Definition
| fluid filled space between granulosa cells that coalesces to form a central antrum |
|
|
Term
| What is a graffian follicle |
|
Definition
| secondary follicle at its most mature stage that bulges from the surface of the ovary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ejection of the oocyte from the ripening follicle |
|
|
Term
| What is the corpus luteum? |
|
Definition
| ruptured follicle after ovulation |
|
|
Term
| What is the zona pellucida? |
|
Definition
| membrane surrounding the plasma membrane of an oocyte |
|
|
Term
| Where does sperm bind during fertilization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does the follicluar phase last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the follicular phase? |
|
Definition
| period of follicle growth |
|
|
Term
| What is the luteal phase? |
|
Definition
| period of corpus luteum activity |
|
|
Term
| How long does the luteal phase last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does ovulation occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primordial follicle, directed by the oocyte, becomes a primary follicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primary follicle becomes a secondary follicle |
|
|
Term
| Follicular Phase: Step 2a |
|
Definition
| Theca follicule and granulosa cells cooperate to produce estrogens |
|
|
Term
| Follicular Phase: Step 2b |
|
Definition
| Zona pellucida forms around oocyte |
|
|
Term
| Follicular Phase: Step 2c |
|
Definition
| Antrum is formed, fluid filled cavity separating the oocyte from teh rest of the follicle |
|
|
Term
| Which parts of teh follicular phase are functional? |
|
Definition
| Step 2a. Theca follicule and granulosa cells cooperate to produce estrogens |
|
|
Term
| What parts of the follicular phase are structural changes? |
|
Definition
| 2b and 2c. Zona pellucida forms around oocyte, antrum is formed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SEcondary follicle becomes a vesicular follicle |
|
|
Term
| Follicular Phase: Step 3a |
|
Definition
| antrum expands and isolates the oocyte and the corona radiata |
|
|
Term
| Follicular Phase: Step 3b |
|
Definition
| Full size follicle (vesicular follicle) bulges from the external surface of the artery |
|
|
Term
| Follicular Phase: Step 3c |
|
Definition
| Primary oocyte completes meiosis and teh stage is set for ovulation |
|
|
Term
| When does ovulation occur? |
|
Definition
| ovary wall ruptures and expels the secondary oocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| twinge of pain sometimes felt during ovulation? |
|
|
Term
| What happens if more than one secondary oocyte is released? |
|
Definition
| if fertilized, fraternal twins |
|
|
Term
| What happens during the luteal phase? |
|
Definition
| ruptured follicle collapses, granulosa cells enlarge, and along internal thecal cells, form the corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
| What does the corpus luteum secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if pregnancy does not occur during the luteal phase? |
|
Definition
| corpus luteum degenerates in 10 days leaving a scar |
|
|
Term
| What happens if pregnancy does occur during the luteal phase? |
|
Definition
| produces hormones until the placenta takes over that role (at about 3 months) |
|
|
Term
| What receieves the ovulated oocyte provides a site for fertilization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are teh four regions of the fallopian tubes? |
|
Definition
| fimbriae, infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus |
|
|
Term
| Fallopian Tubes: Fimbriae |
|
Definition
| contain cilia that beat creating currents to carry the oocyte into the fallopian tube |
|
|
Term
| Fallopian Tubes: Infundibulum |
|
Definition
| catches and channels the released eggs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long central portion through which oocyte travels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site of connection of fallopian tube to uterus where oocyte enters uterus |
|
|
Term
| Do the uterine tubes come in contact with the ovaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens after the ovulate oocyte is taken up by the fallopian tubes? |
|
Definition
| cast into the peritoneal cavity |
|
|
Term
| How is teh oocyte carried toward the uterus? |
|
Definition
| peristalsis and ciliary aciton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the body of the uterus? |
|
Definition
| major portion of the uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rounded region superior the the entrance of the uterine tubes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| narrowed region between the body and cervix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| narrow neck which projects into the vagina inferiorly |
|
|
Term
| What is the cervical canal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the cervical canal communicate with? |
|
Definition
| vagina and the uterine body |
|
|
Term
| How does the cervical canal communicate with the vagina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the cervical canal communicate with the uterine body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is teh role of the mucus secreted by the cervical glands? |
|
Definition
| covers the external os and blocks sperm entry except during midcycle |
|
|
Term
| What are the three walls of the uterus? |
|
Definition
| endometrium, myometerium, perimetrium |
|
|
Term
| What is the uterine endometrium? |
|
Definition
| mucosal lining of the uterine cavity |
|
|
Term
| What is the uterine myometrium? |
|
Definition
| middle layer; interlacing layers of smooth muscles |
|
|
Term
| What is uterine perimetrium? |
|
Definition
| outermost serous layer, the visceral peritoneum |
|
|
Term
| What are the three coats of teh vaginal wall? |
|
Definition
| fibroelastic adventitia, smooth muscle muscularis, stratified squamous mucosa |
|
|
Term
| What are teh structures of the vulva? |
|
Definition
| greater vestibular glands, clitoris, mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora |
|
|
Term
| What are teh structures of the vulva? |
|
Definition
| greater vestibular glands, clitoris, mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora |
|
|
Term
| What are teh greater vestibular glands? |
|
Definition
| pea-size glands flanking the vigaina, homologous to the bulbourethral glands |
|
|
Term
| Role of the greater vestibular glands? |
|
Definition
| keep the vestibule moist and lubricated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| round, fatty area overlying the pubic symphysis |
|
|
Term
| What are the mammary glands? |
|
Definition
| modified sweat glands consisting of 15-25 lobes that radiate around and open at the nipple |
|
|
Term
| What is contained within the lobes to produce milk in lactating women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is milk passed to the outside? |
|
Definition
| compound alveolar glands pass milk to lactiferous ducts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| production of female sex cells by meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the fetal period, oogonia(2n ovarian stem cells) multiply by mitosis and store nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primordial follicles appear as oognoia are transformed into primary oocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primary oocytes begin meiosis but stall in prophase I |
|
|
Term
| Oogenesis - Puberty: Step 1 |
|
Definition
| One activated primary oocyte produces two haploid cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the two haploid cells produced by the activated primary oocyte? |
|
Definition
| polar body and secondary oocyte |
|
|
Term
| Oogenesis - Puberty: Step 2 |
|
Definition
| Secondary oocyte arrests in metaphase II and is ovulated |
|
|
Term
| Oogenesis - Puberty: Step 3 |
|
Definition
| If penetrated by sperm second oocyte completes meiosis II |
|
|
Term
| What are teh two products yielded after sperm penetration and meiosis II completion? |
|
Definition
| One large ovum (functional gamete), tiny second polar body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Interphase, Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Meosis II |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two nuclear divisoins halve the number of chromosomes. Chromosomes replicate prior to meiosis I |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Homologus chromosomes undergo synapsis, Tetrads are formed with homologus partners. Crossing over takes place during prophase I |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tetrads line up at the spindle equator during metaphase I |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| homologous chromosomes composed of joined sister chromatids are distributed to opposite ends of the cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nuclear membrane forms around chromosomal masses. Spindle break down. Chromatin reappears. |
|
|
Term
| What are the products after telophase and cytokinesis being completed? |
|
Definition
| two haploid daughter cells with 2n amount of DNA |
|
|
Term
| Difference between meiosis I and meiosis II? |
|
Definition
| chromosomes do not replicate prior to meiosis II |
|
|
Term
| Products after meiosis II? |
|
Definition
| 4 haploid daughter cells with n amount of DNA |
|
|
Term
| Establishing the Ovarian Cycle: Step 1 |
|
Definition
| During childhood, ovaries grow and secrete small amounts of estrogens that inhibit the hypothalamic release of GnRH |
|
|
Term
| Establishing the Ovarian Cycle: Step 2 |
|
Definition
| As puberty nears, GnRH is released; FSH and LH are released by pituitary, which act on ovaries |
|
|
Term
| Establishing the Ovarian Cycle: Step 3 |
|
Definition
| Step 2 repeats until an adult cyclic pattern is achieve and menarche occurs |
|
|
Term
| Hormonal Interactions During the Ovarian Cycle: Step 1 |
|
Definition
| Day 1, GnRH stimulates the release of FSH and LH |
|
|
Term
| Hormonal Interactions During the Ovarian Cycle: Step 2 |
|
Definition
| FSH and LH stimulate follicle growth and maturation, and low-level estrogen release |
|
|
Term
| Hormonal Interactions During the Ovarian Cycle: Step 3 |
|
Definition
| Rising estrogen levels inhibit the release of FSH and LH, prod the pituitary to synthesize and accumulate these gonadotropins |
|
|
Term
| Hormonal Interactions During the Ovarian Cycle: Step 4 |
|
Definition
| Estrogen levels increase and high estrogen levels have a positive feedback effect on the pituitary, causing a sudden surge of LH |
|
|
Term
| Hormonal Interactions During the Ovarian Cycle: Step 5 |
|
Definition
| LH spike stimulates the primary oocyte to complete meiosis I, and teh secondary oocyte continues onto metaphase II |
|
|
Term
| Hormonal Interactions During the Ovarian Cycle: Step 6 |
|
Definition
| Dah 14 - LH triggers ovulation |
|
|
Term
| Hormonal Interactions During the Ovarian Cycle: Step 7 |
|
Definition
| LH transforms the ruptured follicle into a corpus luteum, which produced inhibin, progesterone, and estrogen |
|
|
Term
| Hormonal Interactions During the Ovarian Cycle: Step 8 |
|
Definition
| These hormones shut off FSH and LH production and release and declining LH ends luteal activity |
|
|
Term
| Hormonal Interactions During the Ovarian Cycle: Step 9 |
|
Definition
| Days 26-28 declind of teh ovarian hormones. Ends the blockade of FSH and LH |
|
|
Term
| Hormonal Interactions During the Ovarian Cycle: Step 10 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Menstrual Cycle: Days 1-5 |
|
Definition
| menstrual phase, uterus sheds all but the deepest part of the endometrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proliferative (preovulatory) phase - endometrium rebuilds itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretory (postovultatory) phase - endometrium prepares for implantation of the embryo |
|
|
Term
| If fertilization does not occur, what happens hormonally? |
|
Definition
| progesterole levels fall, depriving the endometrium of hormonal support |
|
|
Term
| If fertilization does not occur, what happens arterially? |
|
Definition
| arteries kink and go into spasms and endometrial cells begin to die |
|
|
Term
| If fertilization does not occur, what happens to the functional layer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If fertilization does not occur, what happens after the functional layer begins to digest itself? |
|
Definition
| arteries constrict one final time then suddenly relax and open wide |
|
|
Term
| What happens as a result of the arteries suddenly relaxing and opening wide? |
|
Definition
| rush of blood fragments weakened capillary beds and teh functional layer sloughs |
|
|
Term
| What are the accessory sex glands of the male reproductive system? |
|
Definition
| seminal vesicle, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands |
|
|
Term
| What two sets of muscles keep intrascrotal temperature constant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth muscle that wrinkles scrotal skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bands of skeletal muscle that elevate the testes |
|
|
Term
| What are the tunics of the testes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the tunica vaginalis? |
|
Definition
| derived from the peritoneum |
|
|
Term
| What is the tunia albuginea? |
|
Definition
| fibrous capsule of the testis |
|
|
Term
| How many lobules are present in the testis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many semineferous tubules are present in each lobule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the seminiferous tubules converge to form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the seminiferous tubules produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What conveys sperm to the rete testis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do the sperm leave teh rete testis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After leaving the rete testis where do the sperm go? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What surround the seminiferous tubules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the intersitial cells around the seminiferous tubules produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the spermatic cord? |
|
Definition
| encloses PNS and SNS nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics that supply the testes |
|
|
Term
| What is the corpus spongiosum? |
|
Definition
| surrounds the urethra and expands to form the glans and bulb of the penis |
|
|
Term
| what is the corpora cavernosa? |
|
Definition
| paired dorsal erectile bodies bound by fibrous tunica albuginea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proximal end of the penis surrounded by the ischocavernosus muscle; anchors the penis to the pubic arch |
|
|
Term
| The head of what joins the efferent ductules and caps teh superior aspect of the testis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The duct of the epididymis contains sterocilia that do what? |
|
Definition
| absorb testicular fluid, pass nutrients to the sperm |
|
|
Term
| How do sperm become motile? |
|
Definition
| by passing through the tubes of the epididymis |
|
|
Term
| Upon ejactulation the epididymis, expelling sperm into what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What runs from the epididymis through the inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THe terminus of teh ductus deferens expands to form what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THe ampulla joins the duct of the seminal vesicle to form what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The role of teh ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct is? |
|
Definition
| propel sperm from the epididymis to the urethra |
|
|
Term
| What are the three regions of the male urethra? |
|
Definition
| prostatic, membranous, spongy/penile |
|
|
Term
| WHat is the prostatic urethra? |
|
Definition
| portion surrounded by the prostate |
|
|
Term
| What is the membranous urethra? |
|
Definition
| lies in the urogential diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| What is teh spongy/penile urethra? |
|
Definition
| runs through the penis and opens to the outside at the external urethral orifice |
|
|
Term
| Where are teh seminal vesicles located? |
|
Definition
| posterior wall of the bladder |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the the seminal vesicles? |
|
Definition
| secrete 60% of teh volume of semen |
|
|
Term
| Sperm and seminal fluid mix in where before entering the prostatic urethra during ejaculation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the prostate gland's role in relation to sperm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What prevents the mixture of urine and semen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the bulbourethreal glands in males? |
|
Definition
| produce thick, clear mucus prior to ejaculation that neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of prostaglandinds in semen? |
|
Definition
| facilitate movement of sperm through the female reproductive tract by decreasing the viscosity of mucus in the cervix, stimulate reverse peristalsis in the uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neutralizes the acid environment found in the male urethra and female vagina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sequence of events that produces sperm in the seminiferous tubules of the testes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mitosis of spermatogonia, forming spermatocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spermatocytes go through meiosis to form spermatids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formation of sperm from spermatids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outermost cells in contact with the epithelial basal lamina |
|
|
Term
| WHen does spermatogenesis begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does each mitotic deivision of spermatogonia result in? |
|
Definition
| type A or type B daughter cells |
|
|
Term
| What are type A daughter cells? |
|
Definition
| remain at the basement membrane and maintain the germ line |
|
|
Term
| What are type B daughter cells? |
|
Definition
| move toward the lumen and become primary spermatocytes |
|
|
Term
| What happens to primary spermatocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is formed after spermatocytes undergo meiosis I? |
|
Definition
| two haploid cells called secondary spermatocyes |
|
|
Term
| What happens to secondary spermatocytes? |
|
Definition
| undergo meiosis II, daughter cells are called spermatids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spermatids lose excess cytoplasm and form a tail; becoming sperm |
|
|
