Term
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Definition
Wealthy landed elite that emerged in early decades of Abbasid rule.
Significance: -major factor in Ottoman decline
-often engaged in corrupt acts of cheating the peasantry out of money
Analyze: -colluded with provincial officials to rip off both the peasantry and the sultan |
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Term
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Definition
Sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789-1807; aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy; toppled by Janissaries in 1807.
Significance: -first of sultans to enact reforms in long period of time
-reforms angered powerful bureaucratic factions and Janissaries
Analyze: -conservative tendencies of Janissaries and bureaucratic officials made reform difficult
-Selim was dethroned and killed |
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Term
page 605
Mahmud II
(1785-1839) |
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Definition
Ottoman sultan; built private, professional army; fomented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army; destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of empire on Western precedents.
Significance: -defeated Janissary revolts and instituted Western-style reforms
-established diplomatic corps and exchanged ambassadors with Europe
-improved military training
Analyze: -coerced ayan into submission and ignored conservative suggestions of ulama and advisors |
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Term
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Definition
Series of reforms in Ottoman empire between 1839 and 1876; est. Western-style university, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876.
Significance: -instituted use of Western technologies (railways, universities, etc.)
-weakened influence of artisans
Analyze: -success of Western nations made them admirable to other cultures
-treaty with Britain eliminated previous import taxes meant to protect merchants from Western competition |
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Term
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Definition
Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878-1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908.
Significance: -invalidated constitution, restricted freedom of press, instituted harsh criminal punishment
-pushed for Westernization in regard to the military, education, and systems of communication
Analyze: -growing threat from Westernized officers and civilians made Hamid worry about the security of his position |
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Term
page 606
Ottoman Society for Union and Progress |
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Definition
Organization of political agitators in opposition to rule of Hamid; also called "Young Turks"; desired to restore 1876 constitution.
Significance: -professed allegiance to imperial regime in hopes of restoring constitution and resuming widespread reforms
-utilized secret printing presses to denounce regime
Analyze: -gaining support of imperial regime was key in future modernization and saving the empire |
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Term
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Definition
Head of the coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt; opposed Napoleonic invasion of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat; failure destroyed Mamluk government and revealed vulnerability of Muslim core.
Significance: -Napoleon's defeat of Murad was not only humiliating, but brought other internal issues to the surface
Analyze: -made Europeans appear even more threatening and further showed the lack of organization within the Mamluk gov't |
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Term
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Definition
Won power struggle in Egypt following fall of Mamluks; est. mastery of all Egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms; by 1830s was able to challenge Ottoman gov't in Constantinople; died 1848.
Significance: -aimed to rebuild army after Western models and techniques
-despite ambition, few widespread reforms were actually achieved
Analyze: -intense opposition from Western manufacturers made funding for army difficult and strained merchants of Egypt |
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Term
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Definition
Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952.
Significance: -lacked ambition of Ali and were content to remain in Egypt and Sudanic lands
Analyze: -lack of innovation and growth made rulers easier to overthrow |
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Term
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Definition
Built across isthmus of Suez to connect Med. Sea with Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors; w/ increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment.
Significance: -strategic location for European powers, both economically and militarily
-caused fretting amongst khedival regime and Ottoman empire
Analyze: -geographic location allowed European powers to gain access to colonies more easily
-regime was beginning to drown in debt; empire opposed Westernization |
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Term
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Definition
Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and tech; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry.
Significance: -stressed need to utilize knowledge from West
-rebuked idea that all information from the Qur'an should be regarded as fact
Analyze: -shared information between Muslims and Europeans justified desire to adopt intellectual innovations
-religion was becoming less relevant with science on the rise |
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Term
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Definition
Disciple of al-Afghani; Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and tech; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry.
Significance: -stressed need to utilize knowledge from West
-rebuked idea that all information from the Qur'an should be regarded as fact
Analyze: -shared information between Muslims and Europeans justified desire to adopt intellectual innovations
-religion was becoming less relevant with science on the rise |
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Term
page 611
Ahmad Arabi
(1841-1911) |
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Definition
Egyptian military officer who led a revolt against the Turkic dominance in the army in 1882, which forced the Khedival regime to call in British forces for support.
Significance: -major challenge to influence of foreign interests
-led revolt against Khedival regime
Analyze: -corruption of Khedives sparked rioting
-fearful regime called for help from Brits |
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Term
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Definition
River town that was administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan.
Significance: -site of majority of Egyptian power, which was notoriously corrupt
Analyze: -opportunity to manipulate and trick agrarian peasantry out of money, pit tribes against one another, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
Head of Sudanic Sufi brotherhood; claimed descent from prophet Muhammad; proclaimed both Egyptians and British as infidels; launched revolt to purge Islam of impurities; took Khartoum in 1883; AKA Mahdi.
Significance: -physical appearance and alleged visions made Ahmad a celebrity of prophetic proportions
-revolted against "infidel" Egyptians and British
Analyze: -large following and guerilla-like tactics resulted in numerous victories
-revolts spurred by beliefs that infidels had corrupted Islam and degrading traditions |
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Term
page 613
Khalifa Abdallahi |
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Definition
Successor of Muhammad Achmad as leader of Mahdists in Sudan; est. state in Sudan; defeated by British General Kitchener in 1898
Significance: -skillful military commander
-aimed to rid society of indulgences such as alcohol, dancing, theft, prostitution, etc. were banned
-defeated by Kitchener
Analyze: -weak weaponry of Mahdists was no match for technologically advanced Europeans; Mahdist state collapsed c. 1899 |
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Term
page 613
Nurhaci
(1559-1626) |
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Definition
Architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and most ceremonies in Manchuria; entered China and successfully captured Ming capital of Beijing.
Significance: -brought many territories under his control and modeled bureaucracy after Chinese
-able to capture Beijing and establish Qing dynasty
Analyze: -appeal of seemingly stable Chinese gov't caused Sinification amongst Manchurians
-weakened state of Ming dynasty made entrance into territory more simple |
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Term
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Definition
8 armies of Manchu tribes identified by separate flags; created by Nurhaci in early 17th century; utilized to defeat Ming emperor and est. Qing dynasty.
Significance: -distinguished various Manchu tribes
-used to defeat Ming emperor and form Qing dynasty
Analyze: -declining state of Ming Empire made access into Chinese territory less difficult; organization of armies was helpful as well |
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Term
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Definition
Manchu dynasty that seized control of China in mid-17th century after decline of Ming; forced submission of nomadic peoples far to west and compelled tribute from Vietnam and Burma in south.
Significance: -first dynasty after decline of Ming Empire; ruled area larger than any other dynasty besides Tang
-retained Chinese political system and governmental positions/qualifications
Analyze: -meant to appease newly conquered ethnic Chinese and avoid rebellions of imperial predecessors |
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Term
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Definition
Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661-1722; est. high degree of Sinification among Manchus.
Significance: -supporter of Chinese arts and education; initiated greater levels of Sinification
Analyze: -fascination with Chinese culture stemmed back to his predecessors, hence the willingness to patronize the native cultures |
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