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| The major powers following WWII - Great Britain (Churchill), the United States (Roosevelt), and the Soviet Union (Stalin). |
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Conference in Iran between the Big Three
Agree to open a second battle front in Europe (to help Russia)
The Soviets agree to help against Japan after Germany is defeated
Inconclusive discussion of demilitarization and occupation of Germany (no potential solutions to what later become major problems) |
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Also between the Big Three, takes place in the Crimea (USSR)
Decide that Germany must be disarmed and divided into 4 parts
Give veto power to the Big Five in the US and give the USSR 3 seats in the General Assembly
Establish what land will be given to Russia if it helps with the war in Japan
USSR also promises to hold free elections in E Europe
Plans are made for war crimes trials after the war |
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| Potsdam Conference (1945) |
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Between Stalin, Churchill, and now Truman
Takes place in Germany
Produces the Potsdam Declaration - calls for unconditional surrender from Japan, sets up council to control Germany and machinery to negotiate treaties
Move German people out of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland
Stalin announces that elections in E Europe will not take place |
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| Period of political hostility between the US and Russia which included an arms buildup, threats, and propaganda, but no open warfare |
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Figurative barrier between capitalist West and communist East
Term first coined (in terms of this conflict) by Churchill |
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Foreign policy adviser to Truman, insists in Feb 1946 that Soviet fanaticism (and resulting expansion of communism) would only be ended with military and diplomatic pressure
Makes containment a key part of American foreign policy |
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| The idea that diplomatic and military pressure must be used to keep communism from expanding outside where it was at the time |
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Economic accompaniment to Truman Doctrine (containment)
Meant to help European economies recover from the war and gives aid to 17 nations
Successful - creates viable capitalist eco in W Europe |
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| National Security Act (1947) |
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Restructures American military and intelligence agencies following WWII
Sets up the Dept of Defense and the Nat'l Security Council and establishes the CIA |
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| US declares it ability and intention to save other nations from communist subversion/takeover |
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Soviet response to Britain, France, and the US combining their quarters of Germany into Federal Republic of W Germany - stops all traffic to W Berlin
Leads W to begin Berlin Airlift, which ultimately forces Stalin to lift the blockade, after which E and W Germany separate |
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| North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
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| 10 W European countries, US and Canada form a mutual defense treaty which strengthens their economic ties (complements Marshall Plan) |
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| E response to NATO - feel threatened by W union, USSR forms pact with various eastern nations, including E Germany |
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Conflict lasting June 1950 to July 1953 between the Republic of Korea (supported by the UN) and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (supported by USSR, invaded first) which was meant to keep communism from spreading further in Asia but ultimately returned borders to the way they were just before the war began
Disliked for huge casualties brought on by long stalemate |
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| Established as boundary between N and S Korea following Korean War |
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| General Douglas MacArthur |
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Leads American actions in Korea
Successful with amphibious invasion of Inchon but becomes overconfident and is surprised by a Chinese attack in November 1950
Even after end of war, wants to invade again - Truman refuses (worried about war with China) and ultimately dismisses MacArthur for insubordination |
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| "Old soldiers never die; they just fade, fade, fade away!" |
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| A line from MacArthur's "farewell speech" before Congress in April 1951 |
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| House Un-American Activities Committee |
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| Created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty/subversion among private citizens, public employees, and organizations suspected of having Communist ties |
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| Established the Federal Employees Loyalty and Security program - bars communists and fascists from federal jobs, outline investigation procedures |
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Ten members of the film industry who publicly denounced the tactics of the House Un-American Activities Committee
Jailed and blacklisted from the industry |
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Politician who had worked as part of Roosevelt's administration named as a Communist spy by Whittaker Chambers (star HUAC witness)
Denies all involvement but is convicted of perjury for claiming not to know Chambers |
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| Senator Joseph McCarthy (R-WI) |
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Leader of movement to track down communists working within the government
Feb 1950 - in speech to the Republican Women's Club in Wheeling, VA, claims to have evidence of subversion in the gov't
Creates panic and leads to broad censorship
Ultimately condemned for "conduct unbecoming" a Senator - had no real proof |
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| Julius and Ethel Rosenberg |
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Former government engineer and his wife who were turned in by her brother, David Greenglass (possibly without any reason) and both put to death
Greenglass was named as a spy inside the Manhattan Project by Klaus Fuchs (also a spy there, admits to selling information) who was in turn named by convicted KGB spy Igor Gouzenko |
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| McCarran Internal Security Act |
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Law originally vetoed by Truman (considered it an affront to freedoms of press/speech/assembly) but passed anyway
Requires communist organizations to register with the Subversive Activities Control Board
Authorizes arrest of people suspected of subversion during times of crisis |
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| Movement of paranoia about communist subversion created by Senator Joseph McCarthy which leads to constraints on freedoms of speech/assembly |
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Publicly televised hearings surround communist subversion in the military
Exposes McCarthy as a fraud and makes him look deranged - Red-hunters burn themselves out |
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| Communist Control Act (1954) |
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| Outlaws the Communist Party in the US and makes it a criminal offense to be a member or to support it |
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| Central Intelligence Agency |
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Established by the National Security Act of 1947, with roots in the wartime Office of Strategic Services
Collects political, economic, and military information from around the world |
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| Leader of the USSR during the Cold War |
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President of the US 1953 to 1961
Known for ending the Korean War, continuing the nuclear arms race, beginning the space race, and forcing Israel, Britain, and France to stop their invasion of Egypt during the Suez Crisis in 1956
In his farewell address, warns Americans of the dangers of the military-industrial complex |
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The idea that if one country falls to Communism, the surrounding ones will
Proposed by Eisenhower |
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| Effort to get supplies into West Berlin after the Soviet forces in East Berlin form a blockade. |
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| Wall separating East and West Berlin (symbolizes the separation of the Iron Curtain) |
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Communist leaders who takes over from dictator Fulgencio Batista in Cuba
Leads to a communist state and, when the US refuses to help the nation, an alliance with the Soviets |
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April 1961 - Americans train Cuban exiles to take over Cuba Castro and the CIA mounts an invasion thru the Bay of Pigs
Completely unsuccessful and an embarrassment to the JFK administration
Intensifies American fears communism so close by |
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2 weeks in October 1962 - an American plane sees nuclear missiles in Cuba pointed toward the US (shipped in by Soviets)
The US blockades Cuba to prevent more missiles from arriving and Soviets eventually remove the weapons but continue to build their army up
Makes nuclear weapons even more important, intensifies arms race
Closest the US has ever come the nuclear war |
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Mvmt in Poland against Soviet occupation - begins as an anti-communist trade union in the shipyards of Gdansk
Gov't steps in to enforce martial law, eventually forces the mvmt underground but continue to be active
First Soviet nation to make a move against communism and inspires others to do so |
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| Leader of the Solidarity movement in Poland |
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Racial cleansing Cambodia perpetrated by the Khmer Rouge - want to purify Cambodia of foreign/western influ
Execute many directly, others are sent to agricultural labor camps where they worked to death
Leads to a genocide tribunal and worsens the state of an already conflicted Cambodia |
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Last leader of the Soviet Union, served from 1988 until 1991, when the USSR dissolved
Began to restructure and moderate the communist gov't and opens talks with the US, helping to end the cold war |
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Gorbachev's policy for the restructuring of the government and economy in Russia
Sets up the freedoms of speech/assembly/religion, as well as free elections
Seems to undermine the authoritarian Soviet Union - may have contributed to its collapse
Attempts to set up a market economy with private ownership, more freedoms - unsuccessful |
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| Policy that permits freer discussion of social issues and politics and allows for more independent media outlets |
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