Know the components of an atom and the meaning of atomic number and atomic mass.

   Know the characteristics of the 3 main types of chemical bonds (covalent, ionic, hydrogen) and the significance of each type.

A covalent bond forms when two or more atoms share electrons in their outer shells. An example of this bond is methane.

An ionic bond results from the mutual attraction of oppositely charged ions. An example of this is table salt.

A hydrogen bond results from an attraction between a slightly positively charged hydrogen atom and a slightly negatively charged atom nearby. Hydrogen bonds maintain the shape of proteins and our DNA.

    Know the basic properties of water, hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules.

The three basic properties of water are: 1.) dissolving agent

                                                                2.) High heat capacity

                                                                3.) High heat of vaporization

Hydrophobic molecules are non polar, made up of fatty acids, and “water fearing”.

Hydrophilic molecules are polar and “water loving”.

  Know the definition of solute and solvent.

A solvent is something that dissolves a solid or a liquid

A solute is something that is dissolved in a solvent.

    Know the basic concepts of acids, bases, pH and the operation of buffers.

ACID is anything that releases hydrogen ions when placed in water

BASES are anything that releases hydroxide ions when placed in water.

Ph is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration.

Buffers keep pH values from changing dramatically.

    Know the processes involved in the synthesis and breakdown of macromolecules.

The process involved in the synthesis of macromolecules is dehydration synthesis. In dehydration synthesis, the reaction that bonds one monomer to another releases a water molecule.

The process that breaks down macromolecules is hydrolysis. This process requires the addition of water across the covalent bonds.

    Know the four main classes of macromolecules, their important subclasses, and examples of each.

The four main classes of macromolecules are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.

            The subclasses of carbohydrates are: monosaccharaides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

                        An example of a monosaccharaides is fructose.

                                    An example of a disaccharide is lactose = glucose + galactose

                                                An example of a polysaccharide is cellulose.

The subclasses of lipids are triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids,

                        A triglyceride is made of one molecule glycerol and three fatty acids.

                                    Triglycerides are divided into two categories: saturated and unsaturated.

Saturated fats solid at room temperature and unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperatures.

Butter is a saturated fat and olive oil is an unsaturated fat.

Trans fat are partially hydrogenated fats and an example of these is potato chips.

                        A phospholipid is made of a molecule of glycerol bonded to two fatty acids and a negatively charged phosphate group.

                        A PHOSPOLIPID HAS TWO REGIONS: HYDROPHOBIC AND HYDROPHILIC.

                        A steroid is a type of lipid made up of four carbon rings attached to molecules from one steroid to the next. An example of this is cholesterol.

                        A protein is a polymer made of one of more chains of amino acids.

                        Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Chains containing only a few amino acids are called peptides. Chains containing 10 or more amino acids are called polypeptides. The term protein is used for polypeptides with at least 50 amino acids.

   Know the levels of protein structure and the definition of each.

The primary structure is the particular sequence of amino acids.

The secondary structure of proteins consists of patterns known as pleated sheets or helices.

The tertiary structure is the overall three dimensional shape of the protein.

The quaternary structure is the structure that results from all of the subunits.

Know and define the purpose of enzymes.

During reactions promoted by enzymes, the substrate binds to a specific location called the active site on the enzyme to form an enzyme substrate complex.