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| The right kidney is ______ than the left kidney |
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Definition
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Term
| Fibrous capsule of the kidney |
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Definition
Collagen directly attached to the kidney
Outer part (1/3) |
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Definition
Surrounds the fibrous capsule
Keeps the kidneys warm |
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Definition
Dense CT layer
Anchors the kidney |
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Definition
renal cortex and pyramids of the renal medulla
Functional parts of the organ |
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Definition
Where vessels and ureter exit/enter
(lungs have a hilum where vessels come in/out) |
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Definition
Filtration of fluids to form urine
Middle part (2/3) |
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Definition
Collects and excretes urine
Inner part (3/3) |
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Definition
Collects the urine
Located in the center of the kidney |
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Definition
Creates urine
Extends from the cortex into the medulla |
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Definition
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Tissue between pyramids
Contains vessels |
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Definition
| Single pyramid, cortex, and column |
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Definition
Collects urine from a single kidney lobe
"Little funnel that collects the urine" |
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Definition
Fusion of 4-5 minor calyxes
Drains directly into the ureter |
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Definition
| Funnel for urine our of the kidney |
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Term
| True or false: There is no valve at the base of the ureters |
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Definition
True
When the bladder closes to pee, it also closes the ureters |
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Term
| Internal urethral sphincter |
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Definition
Top of urethra
Closes for semen ejaculation |
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Term
| External urethral sphincter |
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Definition
Base of urethra
Can physically be tightened to hold in peeing |
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Term
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Definition
Opening of ureters and urethra
(Two ureters at the top, one urethra at the bottom) |
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Term
| The bladder has an average capacity of |
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Definition
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Definition
Emptying the bladder
Located in the spinal cord
Can be voluntarily controlled |
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Definition
| Relaxes the internal urethral sphincter by contracting |
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Definition
| Located mostly in the cortex (85%) |
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Definition
Long that extend into the medulla (15%)
Allows for concentrated urine |
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Definition
Filters water and solutes out of the blood
First part of the nephron |
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Definition
| Alters the composition of filtrate to produce urine |
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Definition
Capillary network
Connects afferent arterioles to efferent arterioles |
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Definition
| Cup-shaped chamber to collect filtered materials |
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Definition
| Cells that compose the glomerulus |
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Definition
Pore of glomerular endothelial cell
Prevents filtration of blood cells
Allows all components of blood plasma to pass through |
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Term
| Basal lamina of glomerulus |
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Definition
| Prevents filtration of larger proteins |
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Definition
Between pedicels
Prevents filtration of medium-sized proteins |
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Definition
Contains tubular fluid/filtrate (eventually becomes urine)
Wrapped in peritubular capillaries |
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Definition
| BP forces water and solutes through the membranes of the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space |
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Term
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Definition
Transport of water and solutes from tubular fluid back to the blood
"Takes out what would have been urine" |
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Definition
| Transport of solutes from the blood into the tubular fluid |
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Definition
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Definition
| Formation of an ultrafiltrate of plasma across the glomerular membrane |
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Term
| How many liters of filtrate enters the glomerular capsule each day? |
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Definition
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Term
| Glomerular blood pressure is _______ |
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Definition
Higher
(Efferent arterioles are smaller than afferent arterioles) |
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Term
| Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure |
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Definition
55mm Hg (pushes water out)
Can be decreased by low blood pressure |
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Term
| Capsule hydrostatic pressure |
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Definition
15mm Hg
The pressure can rise from backed up urine (caused by kidney stones) - causing renal failure |
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Term
| Blood colloid osmotic pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| Net filtration pressure (NFP) |
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Definition
10mmHg
(55mmHg - 15mmHg - 30mmHg) |
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Term
| If blood pressure is too high, it can |
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Definition
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Term
| If blood pressure is too low (enough to bring the NFP below 10mmHg) it may cause |
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Definition
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Definition
| Occurs when the kidneys regulate GFR themselves |
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Definition
| Occurs when the ANS regulates renal blood flow and GFR |
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Definition
Uses angiotensin II (potent vasoconstrictor)
Reduces GFR |
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Definition
| Monitor the pressure and flow of tubular fluid and can contract/relax afferent arteroles |
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Term
| Out of the filtered 180L of water, ________ is reabsorbed |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false: Glucose should be secreted by urine |
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Definition
False
No glucose should be secreted by urine |
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Term
| Paracellular reabsorption |
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Definition
| Passively reabsorbs things and occurs between adjacent tubule cells |
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Term
| Transcellular reabsorption |
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Definition
Active process involving movement through an individual cell
Requires ATP |
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Term
| ____ is the reason for urine's odor and makes it turn yellow |
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Definition
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Definition
| Water must be reabsorbed to follow the solutes |
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Definition
Adapted to specific needs (depends on what was drunken that day)
Regulated by ADH and aldosterone
Occurs in the DCT and collecting duct |
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Definition
| Subtance cannot be reabsorbed fast enough and will be excreted in the urine |
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Definition
| Glucose is said to "spill" into the urine |
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Definition
| Movement of substances from the peritubular from the peritubular capillaries which surround the nephron into the filtrate |
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Term
| When there is more CO2 in the body, the blood pH is |
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Definition
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Definition
Reabsorbs: H2O and solutes
Secretes: H+, creatine, and drugs |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Reabsorbs Na, Cl, and H2O |
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Definition
Number of solutes per litre of fluid
Normally 300 osmolts at the beginning of the PCT |
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Term
| As you go down he medulla the osmolarity ________ |
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Definition
| Increases (all the way up to 1200) |
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Term
| The DCT is _________ to water |
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Definition
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Term
| Concentrated urine occurs when we |
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Definition
1) Sweat
2) Have a decreased blood volume
3) Have very little water |
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Term
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Definition
As water leaves the neprhon, it travels through the medulla and enters the blood stream
The concentration in the medulla only changes temporarily |
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Term
| Water moves from _____ osmolarity to _____ osmolarity |
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Definition
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Term
| Countercurrent multiplication |
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Definition
| "As water leaves one part of the limb, water leaves from the other part" |
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Definition
Provides O2 and nutrients to the renal medulla without washing out or diminishing the gradient
"Exchanged into the blood" |
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Term
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Definition
Low BP/blood volume
Constricts the arterioles to increase BP
Decreases GFR
Stimulates the release of aldosterone |
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Term
| Juxtaglomerular apparatus |
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Definition
| Senses angiotensin II and secretes renin |
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Term
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Definition
Precursor (inactivated)
Turns into Angiotensin I |
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Definition
Travels to the lung and meets up with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
Turns into angiotensin II |
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Definition
Low BP/blood volume in the brain will increase faculative water reabsoption
From the pituitary gland |
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Term
| Drinking too much alcohol will inhibit |
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Definition
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Definition
Reabsorbs salt (water follows)
Dumps our hydrogen and potassium into the urine |
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Definition
Secreted to relax the glomerulus when the BP is high
(Filtration & urine increases) |
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Term
| Vasoconstriction _______ GFR |
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Definition
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Term
| Increased GFR causes increased |
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Definition
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Term
| Urine should be more ______ than _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Molecules that should not be present in the urine |
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Definition
Albumin
Glucose
RBCs
Bilirubin
Microbes/pathogens (should be sterile) |
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Term
| Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) |
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Definition
| Measures nitrogen waste in the blood from breaking down AAs |
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Term
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Definition
Measures the amount of creatine in the blood
Increases in states of renal dysfunction |
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Term
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Definition
Filtration slows or suddenly stops
Due to drugs/ischemia/obstruction (plaque, kidney stone)/trauma |
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Definition
Function decreases gradually
Managed by restricting water and salt intake |
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Definition
| Artificial membrane used to regulate blood composition |
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Definition
Put into the peritoneum
The kidneys must have some function |
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Term
| Renal calculi (Kidney stones) |
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Definition
| Salt in the urine precipitates in into stones |
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Definition
| Excessive urine production |
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Definition
Reduced urine production
Typically caused by a swollen prostate |
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Definition
| Severely reduced urine production |
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Definition
Change in frequency of urination
(Urinating at night) |
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Definition
| Inability to control urination |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to empty the bladder |
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Definition
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Definition
| Contracts or relaxes arterioles in response to changes in sodium chloride levels |
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