Term
| A Human has 1. __________ total or 2._________ pairs of chromosomes. |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when a retrovirus enters the host cell? |
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Definition
1. RNA forms a complementary strand of DNA using reverse transcriptase
2. Form double-stranded DNA and inserts into the cell chromosomes
3. one strand of DNA serves as template for synthesis of viral DNA
4. replication of viral RNA and translation of viral RNA. Creating enzymes and capsid protein.
5. viruses assemble and either burst the cell or leave through exocytosis. |
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Term
Viruses
1. what are they?
2. How do they replicate?
3. Why are they so specific? |
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Definition
1. A Nucleic Acid with a protein coat, can be composed of DNA or RNA
2. Viruses cannot replicate by themselves-> they must enter a cell and use the ribosomes and enzymes of the cell.
3. Because the virus needs to be able to have their protein coat stick onto the cell's outside glycoprotein [however they must match] |
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Term
| When is the only time we use the base Thymine? |
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Definition
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Term
False Nucleotides
1. What are they?
2. What are they sometimes used for?
3. What is the essential result of using these?
4. How do these halt DNA replication?
5. What are the side effects of using these? |
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Definition
1. Molecules that look enough like nucleotides to get into the polymerase but different enough to prevent the polymerase from continuing.
2. Anti-cancer drug
3. Halts DNA replication
4. They fit into DNA polymerase at a spot where a certain base should be, but then cant form a bond to the previous molecule.
5. Rapidly dividing cells (RBCs, WBCs, Stomach and Intestinal Cells, hair follicles) cannot replace -> anemia, infections, anorexia, baldness. |
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Term
| What are the steps involved in the process of translation? |
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Definition
1. the mRNA connects with the ribosomes
2. the transfer RNA (tRNA) brings the amino acids to the ribosomes.
3. the ribosomes connects the amino acids
4. the amino acid is attached to one end of the tRNA and the other end has an anti-codon (the complement to the codon)
5. the right tRNA fits if the hydrogen bonding of the bases matches up with the bases on the codon. |
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Term
Translation
1. What is it?
2. What is its primary purpose?
3. Where does this occur? |
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Definition
1. The process by which the genetic messages carried by RNA are decoded and used to build proteins
2. Make protein from RNA
3. In the Cytoplasm |
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Term
1. Informational Strand
>DNA
2. Template Strand
> DNA- complementary to informational strand.
3. mRNA Strand.
>RNA- same as informational strand but change T->U
4. Protein
>use genetic code from mRNA strand |
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Definition
1. ATG GGC TCA
2. TAC CCG AGT
3. AUG GGC UCA
4. MET GLY SER |
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Term
Codon
1. What is it?
2. How many stop Codons exist?
3. How many start Codons exist?
4. How many Codons code for specific amino acids?
5. in what Strand can you find the start Codon? |
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Definition
1. a series of 3 mRNA based that code for a specific amino acids
2. 3 Stop Codons
3. 1 Start Codon
4. 61 Codon code for Amino Acids
5. mRNA strand. |
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Term
| The Original gene is incorrect it contains parts in them that need to be taken out. 1.________ are cut out of mRNA before the protein is synthesized. 2.________ are the parts of the mRNA that are kept. |
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Definition
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Term
| Nucleic acids are polymers of ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 different bases? |
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Definition
Answer:
1. Adenine
2. Guanine
3. Cytosine
4. Thymine
5. Uracil |
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Term
| Each new strand is complementary to its template strand, 2 identical copies of the DNA double helix are produced during replication. |
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Definition
Answer:
1. Semiconservative
2. Each new double helix is half new and half old DNA |
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Term
| What provides the backbone of the nucleic acid? |
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Definition
| Answer: Phosphates and sugars. |
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Term
| As with proteins, both structure and function of a nucleic acid depends on the ________ in which its individual nucleotides are connected. |
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Definition
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Term
| What holds the two strands of the DNA double helix together? |
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Definition
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Term
Replication
1. What is it?
2. what is the primary purpose?
3. Where does this occur?
4. What is the enzyme involved?
5. How often do errors occur? |
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Definition
1. The process by which a replica, or identical copy of DNA is made when a cell divides
2. Make DNA from DNA
3. occurs in the nucleus of a cell
4. DNA polymerase
5. 1 error in 60 billion base pairs (1 error every 20 cells) |
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Term
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
1. What is it?
2. How many amino acids can it recognize and carry?
3. Where is it synthesized/located? |
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Definition
1. The smallest RNA that delivers amino acids one by one to protein chains growing at ribosomes.
2. only one amino acid.
3. |
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Term
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
1. What is it?
2. What is it copy of?
3. Where is it synthesized/located? |
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Definition
1. The RNA that carries the cold transcribed from DNA and dictates the order of amino acid polymerization
2. Complementary copy of the gene
3. Nucleus |
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Term
Ribosomes (rRNA)
1. What are they?
2. What is it sometimes called?
3. What are they composed of?
4. True of False: Ribosomes are all identical
5. Where is it synthesized/located? |
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Definition
1. The organelles in the cell where protein synthesis takes place and they are also catalysts that help you with translating
2. "Factory" where protein are made.
3. Composed of protein and Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
4. True
5. Nucleus. |
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Term
| The DNA strand that is transcribed is the 1._________ strand; while its complementary strand is the 2. __________ strand. |
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Definition
1. template strand
2. informational strand |
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Term
Transcription
1. What is it?
2. What is its primary purpose?
3. Where does this occur? |
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Definition
1. The process by which the genetic messages contained in DNA are read and copied
2. Make RNA from DNA
3. in the nucleus |
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Term
| When it finds the right base, _________ then links the nucleotides together. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the differences between DNA and RNA? |
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Definition
1. RNA uses the bases UAGC
DNA uses the bases TAGC
2. RNA is single stranded
DNA is double stranded
3. RNA has <100 to 50,000 nucleotides per strand.
DNA has 50 million nucleotides per strand. |
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Term
| What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? |
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Definition
1. Five-membered ring monosaccharide
2. A nitrogen- containing cycle compound (basic)
3. phosphate group (acidic) |
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Term
| which form of RNA brings the amino acids to the translation site? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the term, Antigenic Drift, mean? |
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Definition
| Answer: when a virus changes the shape of its protein coat a little bit every year (short period of time) |
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Term
| The molecules that make the peptide bonds in translation are _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which form of RNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the steps involved in the process of replication? |
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Definition
1. Unwinds the double helix at several places
2. As the DNA strands separates and the sequences of the bases are exposed, DNA polymerase 'tries out' different nucleotides to see which 'fit'.
3. When it finds the right base, DNA polymerase then links the nucleotides together.
4. Two identical copies of the DNA double helix are produced (semi-conservative ->half new/half old) |
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Term
1. What does the term, Antigenic Shift mean?
2. How often does this shift occur? |
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Definition
1. Antigenic shift is when there is a large change in the antigens resulting in no one being immune to the virus and no vaccine will be made for 6-9 months.
2. |
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Term
| Why are Vaccines always changing? |
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Definition
Answer: the protein coat on the outside of the virus might change, so many vaccine developed for the older protein coat will no longer be effective.
(example: influenza virus changes every year) |
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Term
| What does the term virulence mean? |
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Definition
Answer: tells you how serious a disease is
(example: swine flu did not have a high virulence because it didn't kill as many people as anticipated) |
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Term
| What happens if someone has human influenza A and bird influenza A? |
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Definition
| Answer: they can swap genes and become transmissible by respiratory secretions, which would spread quickly and devastatingly. (cause a shift) |
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Term
| What does the term "drug cocktail" mean? |
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Definition
| Answer: using 3 different types of drugs, so if the virus develops resistance to one, it will still be killed by another and will be unable to spread that resistance. |
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Term
True or False
The body has antibodies that can detect proteins on the viruses? |
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Definition
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Term
Retroviruses
1. What are they also known as?
2. What is the name of the protein they use to convert RNA to DNA?
3. What is the prime example of this virus?
4. What classes of drugs are used to combat these? |
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Definition
1. RNA viruses
2. Reverse transcriptase
3. HIV
4.
-Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (->no virus made at all)
-False nucleotides
-(HIV) Protease inhibitors (-> cuts up protein) |
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