Term
subcultures that identify themselves through their difference from and
opposition to the dominant culture |
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| any “piece” of culture that a group can use as a symbolic resource to exchange with others |
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| the spreading of new ideas through a society, independent of population movement |
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| the world’s cultures are vastly different from each other |
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| the deliberate imposition of one country’s culture on another country |
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| the position that all cultures are equally valid in the experience of their own members |
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| rituals, customs, and symbols that are evident in all societies |
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| the sets of values and ideals that we understand to define morality, good and evil, appropriate and inappropriate; defines larger structural forces and how we perceive them |
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| the gap between a society’s technology and material culture and its social beliefs and institutions |
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| a feeling of disorientation we often experience when we encounter a different culture |
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| a belief that one’s culture is superior to others |
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| short-lived, highly popular, and widespread behaviors, styles, or modes of thought |
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| a behavior, style, or idea that is more permanent than a fad |
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| relatively weak and informal norms that are the result of patterns of action |
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| an organized set of symbols by which we are able to think and communicate with others |
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| norms that have been organized and written down, and the breaking of which involves disapproval not only of immediate community members but also the agents of the state |
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| the things people make, and the things they use to make them |
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| norms that are stronger than folkways and are informally enforced |
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| the ideas and beliefs that people develop about their lives and their world |
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| the rules a culture develops that define how people should act and the consequences of failure to act in the specified ways |
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| the culture of the masses (the middle and working class), as opposed to “high culture” |
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| process by which members of a culture engage in a routine behavior to express their sense of belonging to the culture |
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| concluded that language itself provides a cultural lens through which people perceive the world, as opposed to the common sense belief that the function of language is to express the world we already perceive |
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| a group of people within a culture who share some distinguishing characteristic, belief, value, or attribute that sets them apart from the dominant culture |
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| anything that carries additional meanings beyond itself to others who share in the culture |
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| the ethical foundations of a culture |
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| French sociologist who argued that different groups possess “cultural capital,” a resource that those in the dominant class can use to justify their dominance |
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anthropologists who developed the Sapir-Whorf
hypothesis, which describes the relationship between perception and language |
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| Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf: |
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| sociologist who developed the concept of culture as a “tool kit” |
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| sociologist who coined the term “ethnocentrism |
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