• digestive tract
• oral cavity
• pharynx
• esophagus
• stomach
• small intestine
• large intestine
• accessory organs
• teeth
• tongue
• glandular organs
• salivary glands
• liver
• pancreas

• ingestion
• mechanical processing
• digestion
• secretion
• absorption
• excretion
• compaction

• chemical and enzymatic breakdown of:
• complex sugars, lipids, and proteins
• into small organic molecules which can be absorbed by the digestive epithelium

• movement of organic molecules across the digestive epithelium
• electrolytes
• vitamins
• water
• enters into intersitial fluid of the digestive tract

• analysis of material before swallowing
• mechanical processing
• lubrication/hydrolysis
• chemical digestion by salivary enzyme

• mechanical processing
• compression, abrasion, and distortion
• sensory analysis
• touch, temperature, and taste receptors
• secretion
• mucins and an enzyme that aids in fat digestion
• phonetic articulation

2 parts:

1. anterior body (oral portion)
2. posterior root (pharyngeal portion)

1. intrinsic tongue muscles- fine motor movements
2. extrinsic tongue muscles- gross motor movements
3. tongue innervation- XIII hypoglossal

• parotid salivary glands
• sublingual salivary glands
• submandibular salivary glands

• largest
• secretes thick, serous secretions
• salivary amylase
• complex carbohydrates

• floor of the mouth
• secrete mucous

• floor of the mouth
• 70% of all salivary secretions

ICBM

• incisors
• cuspids
• bicuspids
• molars

blade-shaped teeth are found at the front of the mouth

(clipping and cutting)

canines are conical with sharp ridgeline and pointed tip

(tearing or slashing)

one or two roots

(crushing, mashing, and grinding)

very large flattened crowns with prominent ridges and typically have three or more roots

(crushing and grinding)

1. bulk storage
2. causes mechanical breakdown of food
3. chemical digestion by acids and enzymes

• bile makes it green
• food mixed with gastric juices
• viscous/soupy

• intraperitoneal and J shaped
• shape varies from person to person and size of meal

1. cardia
2. fundus
3. body
4. pylorus

[image]

• three branches of the celiac artery
• gastric and gastroepiploic veins drain blood into the hepatic portal vein

• production of acid and enzymes controlled by CNS
• indirectly regulated by local hormones
• ANS control
• vagus nerve
• celiac plexus
• the sight or thought of food triggers motor output
• sympathetic activation leads to the inhibition of gastric activity

• 70-90% of ulcers are associated with helicobacter pylori (bacteria)
• ulcers can also be caused or worsened by drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, NSAIDs

bypassing stomach

[image]

• averages 20 feet
• 90% of nutrient absorption occurs here

1. duodenum
2. jejunum
3. ileum

• shortest and widest segment
• contains mucous glands
• intestinal villi

• autoimmune disease
• usual onset between 15-30 years
• inflammatory bowel disease

• horseshoe shaped
• reabsorption of water and electrolytes
• absorption of important vitamins
• strage of fecal material

• worm shaped
• provides a "safe house" for bacteria

• caused by lumen obstruction
• fecaliths-calcified fecal deposits

• wall of the colon forms a series of pouches or haustra that permit considerable distension and elongation

• expandable organ for the temporary storage of fecal matter
• ends in anus

• largest visceral organ
• regulates metabolism
• circulating levels of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids are regulated by the liver
• extracts nutrients or toxins from blood before it reaches systemic regulation
• hematological regulation
• largest blood reservoir in body

• hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein
• blood returns to the systemic circuit through the hepatic veins that open into the inferior vena cava

• bile is secreted into a network of narrow channels between the opposing membranes of adjacent liver cells
• right and left hepatic ducts collect bile
• these ducts unite to form the common hepatic duct that leaves the liver
• the bile within the common hepatic duct may either
• flow into the common bile duct that empties into the duodenum
• enter the cystic duct that leads to the gallbladder

• bile storage 
• bile modification
• water is absorbed making bile more concentrated

• calculi- 3 F's
• gall stones
• causes
• lowfiber
• high cholesterol
• starchy foods

• lies posterior to the stomach, extending laterally from the duodenum toward the spleen
• primarily an exocrine organ producing digestive enzymes and buffers, although it does serve and endocrine function