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Root-Common ancestor
Node-Indicates speciation
Branch order is arbitrary |
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| Any group of species we designate. |
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| A taxon that consists of all the descendants of a common ancestor. |
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A trait directly inherited by common descent from an ancestor
Charles Darwin, 1859
Old definition: Same organ in different animals in different forms and functions |
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| Derived traits that are shared among a group and are viewed as evidence of the common ancestry of the group |
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| Reversion from a derived state to the original. |
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| Homoplastic Traits, Homoplasies |
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| Traits that are similar for reasons other than inheritance from a common ancestor(like convergent traits). |
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The simplest explanation of observed data is the preferred explanation.
Occam's Razor - The simplest explanation with the least amount of speculation and assumption. |
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Some used to be considered animals; lumps phylogenetically unrelated groups; most are ingestive heterotrophs.
Algae also lumps a lot of photosynthetic microbial eukaryotes and doesn't reflect phylogeny. |
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| Amoebas form pseudopods as extensions of the cell; a network of cytoskeletal micro-filaments squeezes the cytoplasm forward. |
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| Cilia beat in coordinated fashion, flagella use whip like motions; both have 9+2 arrangement of microtubules as the basic structure. |
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| Used to excrete excess water due to osmosis. |
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| Formed by Paramecium and others when solid food particles are ingested by endocytosis. Food is digested in the vacuole; smaller vesicles pinch off to aid in absorbtion. |
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Definition
| Paramecium use a covering of surface proteins for a resilient and flexible cell membrane. |
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Definition
Some amoebas make a shell or test from bits of sand beneath the plasma membrane.
Diatoms have cell walls of silica. |
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| Microbial Eukaryotes: Reproduction |
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Definition
Sexually and asexually
Binary Fission
Multiple fission
Budding
Spores |
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Term
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Definition
| Sex, no reproduction. No gametes through conjugation due to nuclear duality. |
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| Alternation of Generations |
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Definition
| Diploid spore forming organism(sporophyte) gives rise to a haploid gamete forming organism(gametophyte) which in turn gives rise to the sporophyte in a life cycle. |
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Definition
| Reduces one of the generations to a minimum. |
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