Term
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Definition
| - Include the labia and clitoris, important in the secreting lubricating fluids for intercourse and in sexual arousal, respectively. |
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Term
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Definition
| - The vagina is the muscular tube that is necessary for copulation and is the site of sperm deposition. During delivery, it is the passage through which the baby transits. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Implantation of the embryo occur in the uterus. The uterus then supports the developing fetus. During delivery, the muscular walls help push the baby through the birth canal. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Cilia in the walls of the Fallopian tube sweep the egg towards the uterus. |
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Term
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Definition
| - The ovary is the site of ova maturation and release. It produces key hormones that effect the uterine lining. |
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Term
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Definition
| - First cell stage of oogonia process. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Process of female haploid cell development. |
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Term
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Definition
- Oogonium cells undergo mitosis. One of the daughter cells remains an oogonium, while the other becomes a primary oocyte.
- The primary oocyte begins meiosis I, entering stasis during prophase I.
- At puberty, incr. FSH -> stimulation of ovarian cycle.
- Some primary oocytes complete meiosis I and become SECONDARY OOCYTES. The cytoplasm is preferential given to the secondary oocyte. Other cell becomes POLAR BODY.
- The secondary oocyte enters meiosis II, but stops during METAPHASE II.
- Maturity occurs when the secondary oocyte is fertalized by a sperm. The maturing oocyte produces another polar body, and becomes the ovum shortly before going through amphimixis and becoming the zygote. |
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Term
| What are the stages of mitosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do oocytes develop? |
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Definition
| In the outermost region of the ovarian cortex, the primary oocytes are grouped together in egg nests. |
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Term
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Definition
| A single layer of follicular squamous cells surrounds the egg, forming a primordial follicle. |
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Term
| What happens as the primary oocyte activates? |
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Definition
| The follicular cells increase in size and number, forming multiple layers around the oocyte. |
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Term
| What are the layers formed by the follicular cells called? |
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Definition
From oocyte outward:
- Zona pellucida
- Granulosa cells
- Antral Cavity (Tertiary follicle)
- Theca interna
- Theca externa |
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Term
| What are the follicular stages? |
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Definition
- Primordial: Inactive pri. oocyte
- Primary: Active pri. oocyte, gran. cells, zona pelucida, thecal cells.
- Secondary: Thicker folli. walls, secretion pockets.
- Tertiary: 2nd oocyte, antrum, corona radiata. |
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Term
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Definition
| Degeneration process that decreases the 2 mill. primordial follicles at birth to 400,000 at puberty. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glycoprotein layer that the fertilizing sperm has to penetrate. |
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Term
| Function of granulosa and thecal cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| What event occurs after formation of the tertiary follicle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to the follicle after ovulation? |
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Definition
| The remaining granulosa cells proliferate and form the corpus luteum. |
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Term
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Definition
- Secretes progesterone and estrogen
-> causes endometrium to enter secretory phase. |
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Term
| What are the possible outcomes of the corpus luteum? |
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Definition
If implantation occurs:
- Trophoblast cells of blastocyst
-> HCG
-> Corpus luteum continues producing progest/est.
-> corpus luteum graviditatis
If implantation does NOT occur:
Declining E/Proges. levels
-> fibroblast invasion of non-functional c.luteum
-> scar tissue called c. albicans
-> involution (disintegration) of c. luteum. |
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Term
| Major sections of uterine tube: |
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Definition
- Infundibulum: distal section; has fimbriae that drape over surface of ovary.
- ampulla: middle section; wall thickness gradually increases towards uterus.
- Isthmus: Short segment continuous with uterine wall. |
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Term
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Definition
- Fundus: rounded part, superior to uterine tube attachments.
- Body: Largest portion, between uterine tube connections and part that encircles internal os.
- Cervix inferior portion, surrounds cervical canal/external os; projects into vagina. |
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Term
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Definition
- Internal os: opening of cervical lumen into uterine lumen.
- Cervical canal: channel between internal/external os.
- External os: cervical opening into vagina. |
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Term
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Definition
Out -> In
- Perimetrium: serosa tissue, continuous with peritoneal lining. Covers most, but not all of uterus.
- Myometrium: Thick muscular layer needed for labor.
- Endometrium: Glandular layer that undergoes menstrual changes. |
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Term
| Time it takes for oocyte to transit uterine tube: |
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Definition
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Term
| How early must the sperm encounter the egg in order for fertilization to occur? |
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Definition
| The oocyte must encounter sperm within the first 12-24 hours of passage through the uterine tube. |
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Term
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Definition
| Branches of the uterine arteries which encircle the endometrium, providing collateral circulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arteries that branch perpendicularly from the arcuate arteries towards the endometrium surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| Branch off of the radial arteries to supply the basilar zone |
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Term
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Definition
| Continue from the radial arteries to supply the functional zone. These arteries are tortuous. |
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Term
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Definition
| Area of endometrium adjacent to myometrium. The basilar zone remains fairly unchanged throughout the menstrual cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| The zone above the basilar containing large tubular uterine glands, and that is the site of implantation. |
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Term
| What are the phases of the uterine cycle? |
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Definition
Menses: The uterine or menstrual cycle begins with the onset of menses (day 0) and usually lasts around 7 days.
Proliferative: This stage involves the buildup of the endometrial functional zone.
Secretory: Occupying the last half of the cycle, this phase is characterized by alteration of the endometrium into a secretory layer and continued increase in its thickness. |
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Term
| How much blood is lost is typically lost during menses? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the physiological changes that cause menses to occur: |
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Definition
Decreases in E and PG
--> constriction of spiral arteries
--> ischemia
--> rupture of weakened arteries
--> bleeding into connect. tissue of func. zone.
--> shedding of deteriorating tissues |
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Term
| Explain the histological changes that occur during the proliferative phases: |
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Definition
Basilar/deepest uterine glands survive menses
-> multiplication of epithelial cells of glands
-> spread across surface (integrity restored)
-> growth of functional layer depth. |
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Term
| What is secreted by the uterine glands? |
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Definition
| A glycogen-rich mucus that supports the metabolic needs of the early embryo. |
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Term
| Describe the changes occurring during the secretory phase. |
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Definition
- Enlargement of uterine glands
- Acceleration of secretion rates
- Elongation and increasingly tortuous nature of spiral arteries |
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Term
Menarche
The first menstrual cycle during puberty. |
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Definition
Menopause
Termination of the uterine cycle; Usually occurs between 45 and 55 |
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Term
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Definition
| muscular, elastic tube between cervix and vestibule. |
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Term
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Definition
| Area encompassed by the external genitalia. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Lumen for passage of menstrual fluids
- Counterpart to penis in copulation
- Location of sperm deposit
- Interior portion of birth canal |
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Term
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Definition
| Shallow recess encircling the tip of the cervix that projects into the vagina. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transverse ridges in vagina. |
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Term
| Type of cell that lines the vaginal surface |
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Definition
| Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| Elastic, epithelia fold segregating the vaginal canal from the vestibule. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also called the pudendum, this area contains the female external genitalia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small folds running lateral to the vagina, and encompassing the vagina and urethral openings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bulge over pubis symphysis created by adipose tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hood, formed by the convergence of the labia minora, that covers the clitoris. |
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Term
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Definition
| The female erectile tissue; projects into the vestibule. The tissue is comparable to the copora cavernosa/corpus spongiosum of the penis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small glands that have opening onto the surface of the vestibule. These secretions keep this area moist. |
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Term
| Greater vestibular glands |
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Definition
- These glands arrive via a pair of ducts to the vestibule. They secrete lubricating solutions during sexual arousal.
- These glands are analogous to the bulbo-urethral glands. |
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Term
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Definition
- Folds of skin lateral to the labia minora.
- Encircle and partially conceal labia minora and other structures. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the structural organization of the mammary glands, starting with the smallest unit where milk secretions are initially produced. |
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Definition
Many secretory alveoli ->
lobules ->
lobes ->
lactiferous duct ->
lactiferous sinus ->
openings to nipple. |
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Term
| How many lactiferous sinuses are there per nipple? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the ultimate regulator of the ovarian/uterine cycles? |
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Definition
| GnRH (hypoT) levels change throughout the cycle and are the master hormone governing the cycles. |
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Term
| Ovarian/Uterine Cycle Map: |
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Definition
GnRH (hypoT) incr -->
- Prod LH (andPit) *** secr req. higher E levels ***
AND
- Prod/secr FSH (antPit)
--> FOLLIC PHASE (O) /Follic develop.
--> Incr E secr.
--> PROLIFERATIVE STAGE (U)
--> P secr (small)
--> LH (antPit) secr (after ~ 10 days)
--> OVULATION/LUTEAL PHASE (O)
--> P (corp luteum) secr incr
--> SECRE PHASE (U)
--> Maturation of endometrium
--> P suppression of GnRH secretion
- If implantation occurs, HCG --> maintenance of C. Lut --> high P/E levels.
- No implantation: C. Luteum --> crashing P/E levels --> MENSES (U).
--> radial artery constriction --> ischemia --> sloughing of endomet. funct. zone.
--> Decr. P levels no longer suppress GnRH secr., and cycle begins again.
- Inhibin secr spikes during ovulation and about 1/3 the way through luteal phase. It suppresses FSH secretion. |
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Term
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Definition
- FSH (antPit): Prod/secr
- LH (antPit): Prod (secr. suppres by low E, incr by high E) |
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Term
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Definition
- Follicle development
--> E secr (follicles) |
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Term
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Definition
- Low levels: LH secr suppresion
- High levels: LH secr
- ENDOMETR PROLIFFERATION
Also:
- CNS: sex. behaviors
- Bone/muscle growth
- Establish/maintain 2nd sex char.
- Maint. access glands/organs |
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Term
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Definition
- Massive spike around 14 d causes OVULATION
- Prior to this, meiosis I completion in oocyte
- Formation of corp. lut. |
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Term
| What key hormone is secr. by Corp. Lut, and what are its effects? |
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Definition
Progesterone (P)
- Rapidly rising levels cause alterations to endometrium.
- High levels suppress GnRH
- Continued high levels sustain the endometrium
- Declining levels lead to MENSES |
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Term
| What are the possible outcomes in the latter half of the SECRETORY STAGE? |
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Definition
- If implantation occurs, HCG (blastocyst) secr --> maintenance of C. Lut --> high P/E levels.
- No implantation: C. Luteum --> crashing P/E levels --> MENSES (U).
--> radial artery constriction --> ischemia --> sloughing of endomet. funct. zone.
--> Decr. P levels no longer suppress GnRH secr., and cycle begins again. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Inhibin (follicle) secr spikes during ovulation and about 1/3 the way through luteal phase. It suppresses FSH secretion. |
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Term
| What is the relationship of basal body temperature to the uterine/ovarian cycles? |
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Definition
Follicular phase, 36.4 C (before OVULATION)
Luteal phase, 36.7 C (after OVULATION) |
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Term
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Definition
| 5-6% (with spermcid jelly) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Miss one pill can = preg.
DepoPrev. 3 mo. shot can take up to 18 mos to return fertility.
- Also, weight gain |
|
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Term
| What is hormonal post-coital contraception? |
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Definition
The "morning after" pill.
Either E/P or P-only pills, two large doses 12h apart.
* Must be taken within 72h of unprotected sex.
- Reduces expected preg. by 89%
- P-only is OTC for > 18y/o |
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Term
| Surgical steril failure rate, M/F |
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Definition
Vasectomy: 0.3%
Tubal ligation: 0.45% |
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Term
Benign prostatic hypertrophy:
Causes:
Sequela:
Symptoms: |
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Definition
Causes: T decr, E incr by interstitial cells
Sequela: constriction of urethra
Symptoms: urinary frequency, |
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Term
| What blood test is used to detect prostate CA? |
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Definition
| Prostate-specific antigen (PSA). |
|
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Term
| What age men need to be screened for PSA? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Treatment for localized prost. CA? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common CA in males 15-35? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal spermatogonia/spermatocytes (95%) |
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Term
| Treatment of testicular CA? |
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Definition
| Orchiectomy and chemotherapy. |
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Term
| Survival rate of testicular CA? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are mammary cysts caused by? |
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Definition
| Changing levels of hormones causes fluxes in mammary gland activity. If lobules are blocked, they can become inflamed and walled off by scar tissue. |
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Term
| What condition is marked by clusters of mammary cysts? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the leading cause of death in women 35-45? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What tissue is involved in Breast CA? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What % of US women will develop breast CA in their lifetimes? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Risk factors for breast CA |
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Definition
- Fam. history of same
- 1st preg. after 30
- Early menarch/ late menopause |
|
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Term
| Why is breast CA particularly dangerous |
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Definition
| It has often spread before detection. |
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Term
| What makes ovarian CA so dangerous? |
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Definition
| It is seldom dx in early stages. |
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Term
| What are the differences in prognosis for ovarian CA based on the tissue involved? |
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Definition
- General ovarian tissues/abnormal oocytes: relatively good prognosis
- Epithelial cells (carcinomas): poor (sustained remission in only 1/3)
*** Carcinomas are 85% of ovarian CA's |
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Term
| What is the most common reproductive CA in women 15-34? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What microbe is responsible for 70% of cervical CA cases? |
|
Definition
| Human papillomaviruses (HPV) |
|
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Term
| What is the name of the HPV vaccine? |
|
Definition
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