Term
|
Definition
1. Transport substances for cellular metabolism
2. Remove cellular waste products
3. Regulate pH
4. Protect against invading organisms and injury |
|
|
Term
| What substances does blood transport for cellular metabolism? |
|
Definition
1. Carry oxygen and nutrients to tissue
2. Transport hormones |
|
|
Term
| When regulating pH, what does blood play a role in? |
|
Definition
1. Acid/base balance
2. Buffering capacity |
|
|
Term
| How much blood do we have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of body weight is blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does plasma look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Water
2. Proteins and solutes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins and solutes % in plasma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of blood volume is plasma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 types of plasma proteins? |
|
Definition
1. Albumins (58%)
2. Globulins (38%)
3. Fibrinogen (4%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ions
Nutrients
Wast products
Gases
Regulatory substances |
|
|
Term
| What are the formed elements of blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of blood are the formed elements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clotted plasma - does not have fibrinogen |
|
|
Term
| What are the different types of WBC? |
|
Definition
Neutrophils - 54-67%
Lymphocytes - 25-36%
Monocytes - 3-8%
Eosinophils - 1-4%
Basophils - 0.75-1% |
|
|
Term
| How many platelets do we have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many leukocytes do we have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of plasma total weight are plasma proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are most of the plasma proteins synthesized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are immunoglobulins synthesized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do albumins serve as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are functions of albumins? |
|
Definition
1. Regulate water
2. Solutes transport
3. Maintain collodial oncotic (osmotic) pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Carrier proteins
2. Immunoglobulins (antibodies) |
|
|
Term
| What are the clotting factors in blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the clotting factors do? |
|
Definition
1. Promote coagulation
2. Stop bleeding |
|
|
Term
| What are the different immunoglobulins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disk-shaped cytoplasmic fragments |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal adult count of platelets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is there a reserve of platelets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are platelets essential for? |
|
Definition
-blood coagulation
-control of bleeding |
|
|
Term
| What does the platelet's lack of nucleus mean? |
|
Definition
| Not capable of mitotic division |
|
|
Term
| How long to platelets live for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are platelets removed by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a decreased platelet count mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do leukocytes (WBC) do? |
|
Definition
Provide defense against infection
Remove debris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are WBC classified based on? |
|
Definition
| Structure (Granulocytes or Agranulocytes) |
|
|
Term
| What do granulocytes have? |
|
Definition
| Membrane-bound granules in cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| What do granulocytes contain? |
|
Definition
-Enzymes to destroy microorganisms and breakdown debris.
-Biochemical mediators for inflammatory and immune reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contain relatively fewer granules |
|
|
Term
| When is it important to look at WBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the types of granulocytes? |
|
Definition
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils |
|
|
Term
| What is the most numerous WBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for neutrophils? |
|
Definition
| Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) |
|
|
Term
| What do neutrophils function as? |
|
Definition
| phagocytes in early stages of inflammation |
|
|
Term
| What is the % of eosinophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do eosinophils ingest? |
|
Definition
| antigen-antibody complexes |
|
|
Term
| What are eosinophils induced by? |
|
Definition
| IgE hypersensitivity - parasitic infections |
|
|
Term
| What are the least numerous WBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are basophils structurally similar to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are immature macrophages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the system for monocytes and macrophages called? |
|
Definition
| Mononuclear phagocyte system |
|
|
Term
| What do monocytes remove? |
|
Definition
-Remove old and damaged cells from circulation
-Remove large molecules from circulation |
|
|
Term
| What is the % of lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the primary immunogenic WBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the life span of lymphocyte? |
|
Definition
| days, months, years, depending on type |
|
|
Term
| What is the % of Natural Killer (NK) cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kill tumor cells and virally infected cells |
|
|
Term
| What do NK cells produce? |
|
Definition
| cytokines involved in immune responses |
|
|
Term
| What is Most abundant cells found in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal count for RBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are RBC responsible for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does RBCs lack of nucleus or mitochondria mean? |
|
Definition
-Cannot synthesize proteins
-Cannot carry out oxidative reactions |
|
|
Term
| What is life cycle of RBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| biconcave shape and reversibly deformed |
|
|
Term
| What are older RBC removed by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If person doesn't have spleen what are RBC removed by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the largest secondary lymphoid organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the site of fetal hematopoiesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mononuclear phagocytes filter and cleanse blood |
|
|
Term
| What are lymphocytes capable of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does spleen serve as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much blood does spleen store? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does spleen expel blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can spleen increase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Someone can live without spleen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are lymph nodes located? |
|
Definition
| Clustered around lymphatic veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Transport fluid
-Cleanse lymphatic fluid of microorganisms and foreign particles |
|
|
Term
| What do lymph nodes facilitate? |
|
Definition
| Maturation of lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| Why do lymph nodes enlarge with an infection? |
|
Definition
| From bacterial or viral infections |
|
|
Term
| What is the process in which blood cells are produced in adult bone marrow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many new blood cells do humans need daily? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are pluripotent stem cells? |
|
Definition
| Stem cells that can differentiate into multiple different cells |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for bone marrow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is active bone marrow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is active marrow found? |
|
Definition
Pelvic bones, vertebrae
Cranium and mandible
Sternum and ribs
Proximal humerus and femur |
|
|
Term
| What is inactive bone marrow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does inactive bone marrow contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Development of erythrocytes or RBC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Hormone that stimulates RBC production |
|
|
Term
| What do people do illegally with erythropoietin? |
|
Definition
| Blood doping (Lance Armstrong) |
|
|
Term
| What is a patient we would give erythropoietin to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sequence of making a RBC? |
|
Definition
| Erythroid progenitor - (erythropoietin) - Committed proerythroblast - Normoblast - Reticulocyte - Erythrocyte |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the normoblast? |
|
Definition
| Nucleus shrinks and is reabsorbed |
|
|
Term
| What happens at reticulocyte stage? |
|
Definition
| Cell leaves marrow and enters blood stream |
|
|
Term
| What happens in erythrocyte stage? |
|
Definition
Cell achieves final size and shape
Hemoglobin synthesis ceases |
|
|
Term
| What happens during each step? |
|
Definition
| Quantity of hemoglobin increases and nucleus decreases in size |
|
|
Term
| When is the reticulocyte count a useful clinical measure? |
|
Definition
| If have low RBC counts to see if there is a problem in the process of the reticulocyte turning into a erythrocyte |
|
|
Term
| True or False: In a healthy adult the number of circulating RBC is not constant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is erythropoietin produced? |
|
Definition
| Kidney by the peritubular cells |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates the production and release of erythropoietin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does erythropoietin cause? |
|
Definition
| Increase in RBC production and release from bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| What is difference between hematopoiesis and erythropoiesis? |
|
Definition
Hematopoiesis - production of blood
Erythropoiesis - production of RBC |
|
|
Term
| What vial would you use to draw CBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the purple vial contain? |
|
Definition
| Agent called EDTA that doesn't allow blood to clot in vial |
|
|
Term
| Erythropoiesis is stimulated by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oxygen-carrying protein of the RBC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Takes up oxygen in lung, exchanges for carbon dioxide in tissues |
|
|
Term
| How many Hb does 1 RBC contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a Hb molecule contain? |
|
Definition
| 4 colorful iron-protoporphyrin complexes |
|
|
Term
| WHat does an adult Hb have? |
|
Definition
| 2 pairs of polypeptide chains (2 alpha and 2 beta) |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Most iron is recycled? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bound to heme in RBC as hemoglobin in muscle cells as myoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stored as ferritin or hemosiderin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lost in urine, sweat, epithelial cells, or from gut |
|
|
Term
| What is iron transported in the blood bound to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is iron regulated by? |
|
Definition
| Controlled absorption rather than excretion |
|
|
Term
| What is hemosiderin staining? |
|
Definition
| Brawny (yellow) color in bruises |
|
|
Term
| Where do we see hemosiderin staining? |
|
Definition
| Chronic venous insufficiency in the "gator area" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Area between ankle and knee |
|
|
Term
| Where do we see high levels of billirubin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a high level of billirubin cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nutrients are essential for erythropoiesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What proteins are essential for erythropoiesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vitamins are essential for erythropoiesis? |
|
Definition
B 6,12,2
Cobalamine
Folic acid
C
D |
|
|
Term
| What minerals are essential for erythropoiesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is folic acid/folate found? |
|
Definition
| Green leafy vegetables, yeast, and liver |
|
|
Term
| What is folic acid/folate essential for? |
|
Definition
| Nucleotide base formation of thymine |
|
|
Term
| What do low intake of folic acid/folate affect? |
|
Definition
| Any rapidly proliferating tissue, such as bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| What can a deficiency of folic acid/folate result in? |
|
Definition
| RBC maturation failure or megaloblastic anemia - a form of macrocytic anemia |
|
|
Term
| Where is Vitamin B12 found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is B12 required for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is required for intestinal absorption of B12? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is intrinsic factor? |
|
Definition
| A protein secreted by parietal cells of stomach |
|
|
Term
| What is B12 essential for? |
|
Definition
| Normal myelin formation in the nervous system |
|
|
Term
| What can a B12 deficiency cause? |
|
Definition
| pernicious anemia - a form of megaloblastic anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stem cells in bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| What encourage production and maturation of WBC? |
|
Definition
| Growth factors and colony-simulating factors |
|
|
Term
| Where will we see increased WBC production? |
|
Definition
Infection
Steroids
Decreased reserves |
|
|
Term
| True or False: We have reserves of RBC |
|
Definition
| False (RBC go directly into circulation) |
|
|
Term
| What are platelets derived from? |
|
Definition
| Stem cells and progenitor cells that differentiate into megakaryocytes |
|
|
Term
| How long do platelets circulate? |
|
Definition
| 10 days before losing their functional capacity |
|
|
Term
| Platelets help regulate blood flow into a damaged site by doing what? |
|
Definition
| Inducing vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| What do platelets initiate? |
|
Definition
-Platelet-to-platelet interactions resulting in formation of a platelet plug
-Repair processes including clot retraction and clot dissolution |
|
|
Term
| What do platelets activate? |
|
Definition
| Coagulation cascade to stabilize the platelet plug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Subendothelial exposure
2. Adhesion
3. Activation
4. Aggregation
5. Platelet plug formation
6. Clot retraction and clot dissolution |
|
|
Term
| What factor is involved in adhesion? |
|
Definition
| von Willebrand factor (vWF) |
|
|
Term
| How do we maintain hemostasis? |
|
Definition
1. Vasoconstriction
2. Formation of platelet plug
3. Activation of the coagulation cascade
4. Formation of a blood clot
5. Clot retraction and clott dissolution |
|
|
Term
| What happens in clot retraction and clot dissolution? |
|
Definition
| Fibrin strands shorten; become denser and stronger to approximate the edges of the injured vessel and site of injury |
|
|
Term
| What is the intrinsic pathway? |
|
Definition
| Activated when Hageman factor (factor XII) contacts subendothelial substances exposed by vascular injury |
|
|
Term
| What is the extrinsic pathway? |
|
Definition
| Activated when tissue factor (TF) (tissue thromboplastin) is released by damaged endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the final pathway for a clot? |
|
Definition
Factor X
Thrombin
Fibrinogen
Fibrin
Clot |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Calcium is involved in the formation of a clot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Released by endothelial cells as well as platelets |
|
|
Term
| What does Von Willebrand factor do at site of vessel injury? |
|
Definition
| Binds to the platelet surface receptor with some clotting factors to produce platelet adhesion |
|
|
Term
| Where do the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways come together to form common pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What electrolyte is important in clotting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the end product of a clot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the fibrinolytic system? |
|
Definition
-Lysis of blood clots
-Breaks down fibrin |
|
|
Term
| What is plasminogen converted to in the fibrinolytic system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasmin dissolves clots via? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during fibrinolysis? |
|
Definition
| Degrades fibrin and fibrinogen into fibrin degradation products |
|
|
Term
| Who do we give tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) to? |
|
Definition
| MI and stroke patients (needs to be within a certain time frame) |
|
|
Term
| What are two components of fibrinolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 antithrombotics? |
|
Definition
Antithrombin III
Protein C
Protein S |
|
|
Term
| What is antithrombin III? |
|
Definition
-Protease inhibitor
-Inhibits thrombin and factor Xa |
|
|
Term
| What will deficiencies of antithrombotics cause? |
|
Definition
-Problems in clotting cascade
-Will either clot or bleed |
|
|
Term
| What proteins are needed for clotting cascade? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibrinolysis occurs in response to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A protease that degrades fibrin in clots |
|
|
Term
| What are laboratory tests we look at for clotting problems? |
|
Definition
-Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)
-Prothrombin time
-INR |
|
|
Term
| What vials do we use to measure PTT and Prothrombin time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When someone is on hePARin, what lab value do we look at? |
|
Definition
| PARtial thromboblastin time |
|
|
Term
| When someone is on warfarin/coumadin, what lab value do we look at? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is low molecular heparin |
|
Definition
| unfractionated - heparin we take at home |
|
|
Term
| How long can it take to reach therapeutic levels of coumadin? |
|
Definition
| 3 days - this is why they are on both heparin and coumadin in the beginning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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