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The study of heredity or inheritance |
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Gregor Mendel is known as the “Father of Genetics” Monk who experimented with peas and discovered the basic principles of genetics |
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Different versions of the same gene |
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Inheritance is determined by genes passed on from one generation to the next. |
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characteristic that shows if one dominant allele is present masks other alleles |
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no noticeable effect only shows if all the alleles are recessive. |
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Dominant alleles mask the recessive alleles unless all the alleles are recessive. |
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Physical description of an organism’s trait |
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Description of an organism’s genetic make-up |
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Shows possible allele combinations from a genetic cross. Gametes from parents are shown along the top and left side of square. Possible offspring allele combinations are shown in the boxes making up the square |
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Two dominant alleles (two capital letters) E.g. true breeding purple flowers (PP) |
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Two recessive alleles (two lowercase letters) E.g. true breeding white flowers (pp) |
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One dominant allele and one recessive allele (one capital, one lowercase letter) E.g. hybrid purple flowers (Pp) |
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Cross involving one pair of contrasting traits |
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One allele is partially dominant over the other. Sometimes called blending inheritance The heterozygous phenotype is a combination of the dominant & recessive |
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Neither allele is dominant over the other Both alleles can be expressed E.g. red cow x white cow = roan cow Roan is a cow that have red and white coats |
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In some traits more than two alleles can exist in a population of a species, but a single individual can only possess two alleles. E.g. Human blood has 3 alleles – A, B, & O |
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Sex chromosomes have other genes on them, too especially the X chromosome hemophilia in humans blood doesn’t clot Duchenne muscular dystrophy in humans loss of muscle control red-green color blindness see green & red as shades of grey |
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Aka Multiple-gene inheritance Two or more independent genes affect one characteristic Usually seen in traits that vary between two extremes Human Examples: skin color, height, weight, eye color, intelligence |
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When two or more flowers pollinate each other. |
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when a flower pollinates iteself |
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Alleles segregate from each other during meiosis so each gamete only carries one allele for each gene. |
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Genes of different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes |
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