Term
page 576
Toussaint L'Overture
(1743-1803) |
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Definition
Leader of slave rebellion on French sugar island of St. Domingue in 1791 that led to creation of independent republic of Haiti
Significance: -uprising of slaves was able to overthrow attempts to subdue island
-led to creation of Haiti as an independent republic
Analyze: -more focus was placed on other Latin American colonies, like Cuba and Puerto Rico, to make sure a rebellion would not occur there |
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Term
page 577
Father Miguel de Hidalgo |
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Definition
Mexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed
Significance: -initially gained support of both Native Americans and Creoles
-even after execution, insurgency occurred in various parts of Mexico
Analyze: -crises of legitimacy, civil rights, and growing popularity of egalitarian ideology |
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Term
page 577
Augustin de Iturbide
(1783-1824) |
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Definition
Conservative Creole officer in Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821; later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until its collapse in 1824
Significance: -drew up agreement with insurgents to form alliance of independence
-declared emperor of Mexico
Analyze: -nonviolent tactics were popular amongst both insurgents and armies that originally were meant to combat the insurgents |
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Term
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Definition
Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia.
Significance: -led revolts against Spain and had numerous victories in Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador
-formation of Gran Colombia stabilized nation until 1830
Analyze: -military prowess and love of independence allowed Bolivar to gain many followers |
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Term
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Definition
Independent state created in South America as result of military successes of Bolivar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations
Significance: -symbol of Bolivar's success for short period of time
-break up led to formation of Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela
Analyze: -political differences and regional interests led to splitting of state |
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Term
page 577
Jose de San Martin
(1778-1850) |
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Definition
A leader of the struggle for independence in southern South America. Born in Argentina, served in Spanish army but joined movement for independence and led revolutionary army that crossed the Andes and helped to liberate Chile in 1817-18, later collaborating with Bolivar in liberation of Peru. Instituted number of liberal reforms. Went into exile in 1823 for political reasons.
Significance: -all the reasons listed above
Analyze: -aspirations born out of Enlightenment and ideas of 19th century liberalism |
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Term
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Definition
Portuguese monarch who established seat of government in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 as a result of Napoleonic invasion of Iberian peninsula; made Brazil seat of empire with capital at Rio de Janeiro
Significance: -drastically urbanized seat of empire with public libraries, schools, printing presses, botanical gardens
-arrival of Portuguese nobles and bureaucrats created jealousy
Analyze: -thriving economy allowed new technology to be developed
-political turmoil and revolution in Portugal |
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Term
page 579
Pedro I
(1798-1834) |
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Definition
Son and successor of João VI in Brazil; aided in declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822; became constitutional emperor of Brazil.
Significance: -assisted in Brazil becoming an independent monarchy, although they were under a member of the Portuguese ruling house (?)
Analyze: -did not upset the social organization based on slavery, nor radically alter the political structure |
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Term
page 581
Andrés Santa Cruz |
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Definition
Mestizo general who established union of independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839
Significance: -established union of independent Peru and Bolivia
Analyze: -large Indian population and conservative colonial aristocracies considered union but eventually moved away from it due to regional rivalries and fears of neighbors |
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Term
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Definition
Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent Latin American countries
Significance: -rising in ranks of armies allowed many caudillos to come into power
-these rulers often took control by force and imposed their ideas of government onto the people
Analyze: -commanders were selected by personal qualities rather than rank or politics |
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Term
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Definition
Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives.
Significance: -major opponent of federalists, analogous to conservatives and liberals
-desired strong, centralized national governments
Analyze: -a mix of political ideologies were floating around, mostly as a result of Enlightenment and French and American Revolutions |
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Term
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Definition
Latin American politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional governments rather than centralized national administrations; often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals.
Significance: -major opponent of centralists, analogous to liberals and conservatives
-stressed regional government and commercial and fiscal regulation
Analyze: -a mix of political ideologies were floating around, mostly as a result of Enlightenment and French and American Revolutions |
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Term
page 582
Juan Manuel de Rosas |
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Definition
Strongman leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy
Significance: -general population (gauchos, equivalent of cowboys/farmers) often mobilized by force
-restored local autonomy
Analyze: -major influence of political ideology on people |
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Term
page 582
General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna |
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Definition
Seized power in Mexico after collapse of empire of Mexico in 1824; after brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 as caudillo; defeated by Texans in war for independence in 1836; defeated by US in Mexican-American War in 1848; unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854
Significance: -personalist, autocratic leader, caudillo
-unable to defeat Texans or US in war
-unseated by rebellion of liberals
Analyze: -Mexico was a target for invasion
-opposition from liberals and growing number of leaders from middle class backgrounds |
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Term
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Definition
American declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by US; supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade.
Significance: -example of US's affinity and sympathy for new southern nations
-US probably could not even prevent colonization, but Britain possessed immense power
Analyze: -economic superiority of Britain posed threat to Americas; USA discouraged colonization both for personal and widespread benefit |
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Term
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Definition
Bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880; income from trade permitted end to American Indian tribute and abolition of slavery.
Significance: -earned Peru vast amounts of wealth (£10 million +)
-led to abolition of slavery and American Indian tribute system
Analyze: -surpluses of wealth diminished need for tribute and cheap labor |
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Term
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Definition
French philosophy based on observation and scientific approach to problems of society; adopted by many Latin American liberals in the aftermath of independence.
Significance:-acted as set of principles to guide Latin American politicians
-justified their aspiration to achieve political stability and economic growth
Analyze: -using observation and scientific approaches were logical methods of investigating, explaining, and solving socioeconomic issues |
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Term
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Definition
French philosopher (19th century); founder of positivism, a philosophy that stressed observation and scientific approaches to the problems of society.
Significance: -his philosophy was adopted by many Latin American politicians, especially liberals
Analyze: -growing application of science to industry made philosophy applicable to modern society |
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Term
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Definition
Belief of the gov't of the US that it was destined to rule the continent from coast to coast; led to annexation of Texas and Mexican-American War.
Significance: -this belief led to the annexation, or addition, of Texas, as well as the Mexican-American War
-left bitter relationship between USA and Mexico
Analyze: -US's assumption that they had the right of continental rule was challenged by Mexico; disputes resulted in war |
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Term
page 585
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo |
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Definition
Agreement that ended Mexican-American War; provided for loss of Texas and California to US; left legacy of distrust of US in Latin America
Significance: -signing of document transferred approximately one half of Mexico's territory to United States
Analyze: -idea of annexing Texas and California born out of USA ideology of manifest destiny
-self-righteousness of US did not settle well with Mexico |
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Term
page 585
Mexican-American War |
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Definition
Fought between Mexico and USA from 1846-1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces, loss of about one-half of Mexico's nat'l territory to the USA.
Significance: -massive territorial loss for Mexico, as well as diminishing of economic possibilities
-however, loss produced greater participation in nationalism and more focus on internal issues of Mexico
Analyze: -defeat in battle also dealt a blow to confidence of Mexico
-Mexico realized that their loss was due in part to internal problems; sought to resolve them |
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Term
page 585
Benito Juarez
(1806-1872) |
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Definition
Indian governor of state of Oaxaca in Mexico; leader of liberal rebellion against Santa Anna; liberal gov't defeated by French intervention under Emperor Napoleon III of France and est. of Mexican Empire under Maximilian; restored to power in 1867 until death in 1872.
Significance: -liberal visionary who stressed secular society in order to eradicate former power of church and army; led rebellion called La Reforma
Analyze: -elimination of power of church and army would supposedly promote economic change and growth |
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Term
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Definition
The liberal rebellion of Benito Juarez against forces of Santa Anna.
Significance: -allowed liberals to set basis for their vision of society
-cut back military and clerical privileges
-land of indigenous peoples was sold in the hopes of creating a nation of independent farmers; backfired
Analyze: -revolt triumphed and rebels established a new constitution
-wealthy landowners often purchased land, thereby taking away possible income from indigenous peoples |
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Term
page 585
Maximilian von Habsburg |
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Definition
Proclaimed Emperor Maximilian of Mexico following intervention of France in 1862; ruled until overthrow and execution by liberal revolutionaries under Benito Juarez in 1867.
Significance: -tried to appeal to Juarez and liberals; kept many laws of Reforma intact
Analyze: --despite attempts to appease to liberals, Juarez detested Habsburg; regime crumbled after French withdrawal |
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Term
page 587
Argentine Republic |
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Definition
Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862; result of compromise between centralists and federalists.
Significance: -after formation, region entered epoch of prosperity, economic reforms, and political adjustments
Analyze: -agreement resulted in more liberal leaders (e.g. Domingo F. Sarmiento) with greater vigor for amelioration |
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Term
page 587
Domingo F. Sarmiento
(1811-1888) |
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Definition
Liberal politician and president of Argentine Repub. from 1868-1874; author of Facundo, a critique of caudillo politics; increased international trade, launched internal reforms in education and transportation.
Significance: -instituted political and economic reforms, leading to more investment capital for republic
-improvements in education and transportation were initiated
Analyze: -political stability = appeal to foreign investors
-foreign investors often had suggestions and experience in regard to education, transportation, reform, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
Coffee estates that spread within interior of Brazil between 1840 and 1860; created major export of commodity for Brazilian trade; led to intensification of slavery in Brazil.
Significance: -high demand for coffee spurred mass wealth in nation
-slave labor became increasingly common
Analyze: -for the amount of production necessary to meet market demands, cheap or free labor was crucial, hence the growing reliance on slaves |
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Term
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Definition
| Advisors of government of Porfirio Diaz who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas; permitted Mexican government to project image of modernization. |
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