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| Belief held by Hoover that people should be able to stand tall, be strong, and pick themselves back up (it is up to the individual to support him or herself) |
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Republican president, in office at the beginning of the Depression
Believes in limited government intervention, especially in the economy, which makes it seem like he is doing nothing > leads to widespread dislike
Before being president, had worked as head of American Relief Commission during WWI
Loses dramatically to FDR in 1932 |
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Economist who has huge influence on FDR
Suggests that an economic crisis be treated like a war, where the government spends money to fix the problem without worrying too much about the deficit created (fix the problem first) |
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Region in the Plains (includes CO, TX, KA, OK, and NM) in which the dust storms of the 1930s began
Static electricity causes dirt dried by drought to rise into the air, creating black clouds which spread across the country
Combination of drought and overworking the land means that all the topsoil is blown away > ruins farms, drives people from homes |
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People, generally from Oklahoma, who fled the Dust Bowl and usually went to CA
Wanted to find work (lots of farm work in CA) but are generally unsuccessful > Californians are unfriendly, crops/schedules are unfamiliar |
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| Author of "The Grapes of Wrath," a book about Okies (not entirely accurate, but captures the feeling of desperation and shows it to the rest of the country) |
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A group of black teenagers who were accused of rape
Trial deals with the issue of racism and the right to a fair trial |
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| Agricultural Market Act (1929) |
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Definition
| Establishes the Federal Farm Board (meant to help farmers keep their farms through loans, but many have already been foreclosed on) |
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| Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930) |
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| High tariff on foreign goods which weakens economic relations with Europe (makes our economy weaker, one cause of Depression) |
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| Reconstruction Finance Corporation |
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Definition
Body of government based on the WWI War Finance Corporation, makes government credit available to banks, RRs, and insurance companies (meant to stimulate economy > assume problem is w/ supply, not demand)
Mainly helps businesses and the upper class (failure) |
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Elected president in 1932, having been a lawyer and governor of NY
Willing to experiment in government and aggressive from the start in fight the Depression (people hope he's better than Hoover) |
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First lady and a politician in her own right
Campaigns for liberal causes like women's labor rights, anti-lynching, compulsory health insurance, child labor laws, anti-racial discrim) |
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| Emergency Banking Relief Act (1933) |
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| Act of Congress (spearheaded by FDR) that allows only Federal Reserve-approved banks to operate |
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| Moves end of terms for president, VP, and Congressmen from March to January and makes provisions for a situation where there is no president-elect |
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Radio broadcasts by FDR during the New Deal that kept the American people up to date
Made them feel like they had a personal relationship with the president (very beneficial) |
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Group of Conservatives who consider the New Deal to be socialism
Main members of wealthy/businessmen, like Henry Ford and Charles Lindbergh (also Nazi sympathizers) |
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Catholic priest from IL with large radio following
Says that capitalism itself is dying and advocates a new idea called "social justice" (which he never really defines)
Creates National Union of Social Justice
Blames banks (wants them to be gov't-controlled) and the Jews |
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| Doctor and "advocate for the elderly" who proposed a rotating old-age pension which influenced the establishment of Social Security (The Townsend Plan) |
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| John L. Lewis/Congress of Industrial Organizations |
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Definition
In 1935 at the AFL convention, some militant labor organizations propose organization by industry rather than by craft (include non-skilled workers, blacks, women)
AFL will not accept it, so one, led by John Lewis, break apart in 1938 and forms the Congress of Industrial Org, using Wagner Act as key opportunity |
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| Republican Steel Plant Massacre [Chicago] |
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Definition
| Also known as the Memorial Day Massacre, sit down strike at a steel plant becomes violent, workers are killed when police open fire on union supporters in 1937 |
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| Indian Reorganization Act [Wheeler-Howard Act] (1934) |
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Law created by John Collier that reverses allotment provisions of Dawes Act, which had weakened tribal structure
Permits return of surplus land to tribal ownership, helps fund purchase of more land and economic development
Once a tribe ratifies the IRA, they forma tribal council > gov't pawn |
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Employs writers writing state and city guidebooks (combine tourist info with local traditions) > "Life in America"
In general, helps writers survive/improve through collab |
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Asks artists to teach in schools, churches, settlement houses
Creates Index of American Design (collection of folk art)
Commissions murals on public buildings |
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Employs 15,000 musicians to play low cost public concerts
Composers' Forum Lab is created to support new works by American composers like Copland and William Schuman |
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| Has goal of expanding audience of theater to middle/lower classes > cheap tickets, variety of shows (including "Living Newspaper" series based on current events, classic plays, and new works by American playwrights) |
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Republican who runs against FDR in the 1936 presidential election (defeated in a landslide)
Previously governor of KA |
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| Political organizations that came together in favor of the New Deal and voted Democrat on into the 1960s (generally, supporters of liberal gov't) |
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| Member of "Black Cabinet" who founds Behune-Cookman College and leads the Office of Minority Affairs in the National Youth Admin (helps reduce illiteracy among blacks) |
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Group of African Americans appointed to 2nd level advisory positions in FDR's administration
One, Robert Weaver, later becomes first black cabinet member (1966) |
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| Order signed by FDR in 1933 that bans racial discrimination in the WPA |
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First woman on presidential cabinet (secretary of labor), in part responsible for Social Security and the Fair Labor Standards Act (labor reforms previously advocated by women)
Opens positions for other women in gov't |
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