consists of the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx

these passageways:

• filter, warm, and humidify the air
• protects the more delicate conduction and exchange surfaces of the lower respiratory system
• larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

• providing an extensive area for gas exchange between air and circulating blood
• moving air to and from the exchange surfaces of the lungs
• protecting respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temperature changes, and other environmental variations
• defending the respiratory system and other tissues from invasion by pathogenic microorganisms
• producing sounds involved in speaking, singing, or nonverbal communication
• assisting in the regulation of blood volume, blood pressure, and the control of body fluid pH

• the nasal septum separates the right and left portions of the nasal cavity
• the maxillae, nasal and frontal bones, ethmoid, and sphenoid form the lateral and superior walls of the nasal cavity

[image]

• passageway or chamber that connects the nose, mouth, and throat
• divided into 3 regions
• nasopharynx
• oropharynx
• laryngopharynx

[image]

• the superior portion of the pharynx
• lined by typical respiratory epithelium

[image]

(auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube)

tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear

aka: swimmers ear

inflammation of outer ear and ear canal

small tube/hole in ear drum to:

• allow oxygen to kill bacteria
• drain pus
• release pressure

extends between the soft palate and the base of the tongue at the level of the hyoid bone

[image][image]

narrow, includes the region of the pharynx lying between the hyoid bone and the entrance to the esophagus

[image]

• surrounds and protects the glottis and vocal cords
• pitch and sound produced depends on size and length of larynx
• in puberty male larynx enlarges considerably
• walls vibrate creating a composite sound

• narrow opening between pharynx and larynx
• air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces sound waves

• air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds producing sound waves
• the pitch of the sound produced depends on diameter, length, and tension in the vocal folds
• diameter and length direct relation to larynx size
• tension controlled by the contraction of voluntary muscles that change the relative positions of the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages
• when the distance increases, the vocal cords tense and the pitch rises; when the distance decreases, the vocal folds relax and the pitch falls
• children have slender short vocal folds, and their voices tend to be high pitched
• at puberty the larynx of males considerably enlarges producing lower tones than a female
• the entire larynx is involved in sound production, because its walls vibrate, creating composite sound
• amplification and echoing of the sound occur within the pharynx, the oral cavity, the nasal cavity, and the paranasal sinuses
• the final production of distinct sounds depends on voluntary movements of the tongue, lips, and cheeks

• situated in the right and left pleural cavities
• each lung is a blunt cone with the apex pointing superiorly
• broad inferior portion is the base that rests on the superior surface of the diaphragm

3 lobes: superior, middle, and inferior

[image]

separates the superior and middle lobes of the right lung

[image]

separates the superior and inferior lobes

[image]

2 days: superior and inferior

[image]

• 6500 smaller bronchioles that branch from the tertiary bronchus

• autonomic nervous system regulates smooth muscle layer of terminal bronchioles

• the terminal bronchiole branches to form these
• the thinnest and most delicate branches of the bronchial tree and they deliver air to the alveoli