Term
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Definition
| coordinated set of nonspecific responses that tissues follow when they become infected |
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Definition
| released by injured cells, causes blood vessels to dilate during inflammatory response |
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Definition
| increases blood flow to wounded area, causes wound to become red and warm |
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Definition
| stimulates fever which discourages bacterial growth |
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Term
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Definition
~Fluid lost through spaces between cells - up to 4L/day
~Fluid enters lymphatic system by diffusion (becoming lymph)
~Lymph drains back into circulatory system near the heart |
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Term
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Definition
play a role in body’s immune system by preparing for attacks against bacteria and viruses
~harbor wbc’s which multiply
during infection |
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Term
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Definition
large collection of cells that work together to present an immune response against infection
**Total of two trillion immune cells in blood-stream and lymphatic system |
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Term
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Definition
foreign substance in the body (bacterium, virus, etc.) that triggers an immune response
~Usually presented as molecules on the surface of foreign objects |
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Term
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Definition
protein found in blood plasma that attaches to a specific kind of antigen in order to counter its effect
~Specific response against a specific antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| resistance to specific invaders |
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Term
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Definition
| introduction of the immune system to a vaccine containing a harmless variant of an infectious agent |
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Term
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Definition
| body is actively stimulated to produce antibodies for its own defense |
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Term
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Definition
body acquires anti-bodies pre-made
~Temporary – no antigen to stimulate anti-body production |
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Term
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Definition
| How is IMMUNITY acquired? |
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Term
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Definition
| How is a VACCINATION acquired? |
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Term
| natural infection/vaccination |
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Definition
| How is ACTIVE IMMUNITY acquired? |
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Term
| fetus from mother via umbilical cord or antivenin for snakebites |
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Definition
| How is PASSIVE IMMUNITY acquired? |
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Term
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Definition
| wbc’s most often found in the lymphatic system, responsible for producing the immune response |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
B cells secrete antibodies against bacteria and viruses present in body fluids
~B cells are carried in lymph and blood to the sites of infection |
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Term
| Cell-mediated immune response |
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Definition
T cells work against infections caused by fungi and protozoans and protect against cancer
~carried in lymph and blood, stimulating phagocytosis and B-cells to produce antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
production of a line of genetically identical cells (clones) that recognize and attack specific antigens that stimulated their production
~Capability due to the immune system’s specificity and memory of antigens |
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Term
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Definition
first exposure of lymphocyte to antigen, taking several days to produce clonal immune cells
~Antibodies reach their peak about two weeks after exposure, then decline
~Effector cell’s life span = 4 – 5 days |
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Term
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Definition
| lymphocytes that can persist for decades in the lymph nodes, ready for immediate activation after second exposure |
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Term
| secondary immune response |
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Definition
second exposure of lymphocyte to antigen, initiates a faster and stronger response
~Activated memory cells multiply quickly producing a large clone of lymphocytes
~Effector cell’s life span = in some cases, lifetime immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| respond to pathogens already in body cells (cell-mediated response) |
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Term
1. Helper T-cells
2. Cytotoxic T-cells |
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Definition
| What are the 2 types of T Cells? |
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Term
1. Bind to WBC’s with antigen
2. Identify targets by binding complexes
3. Grow and divide producing more cells & memory cells
4. Activate humoral immune response |
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Definition
| 4 Roles of Helper T Cells? |
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Term
1. Kill other body cells
2. Identify targets by binding complexes |
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Definition
| 2 Roles of Cytotoxic T Cells? |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal sensitivities to antigens in the environment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
especially dangerous type of allergic reaction resulting in a sudden release of inflammatory chemicals
~Blood vessels dilate resulting in a fatal drop in blood pressure → shock
~Can be countered with epinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
condition in which an individual lacks one or more components of the immune system
~Results in susceptibility to infections that are normally not problematic
~Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) |
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Term
| Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) |
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Definition
| destroys immune system (helper T-cells), leaving body defenseless against infections |
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Term
| Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) |
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Definition
family of genes that encode a large set of cell-surface proteins that function in antigen presentation
~Can trigger a T-cell response |
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Term
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Definition
| immune system fails to recognize cells as belonging to “self” and turns against body’s own cells |
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Term
1. skin
2. mucous membranes
3. mucus
4. cilia |
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Definition
| What are 4 Physical barriers of First Line: External Barriers? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the Function of Physical Barriers of First Line: External Barriers? |
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Term
1. Sweat, saliva, tears – antimicrobials
2. Glands (oil, acid)
3. Stomach (acid)
4. Urinary tract (urine flushing) |
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Definition
| What are 4 Chemical Barriers of First Line: External Barriers? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the function of Chemical Barriers of First Line: External Barriers? |
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Term
1. White Blood Cells (WBCs)
2. Phagocytic WBC’s (macrophages)
3. Natural Killer (NK) cells |
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Definition
| What are the 3 Physical Barriers of Second Line: Internal Barriers? |
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Term
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Definition
| circulate through blood-stream & interstitial fluid, engulfing foreign invaders, infected body cells, dead cell debris |
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Term
| Phagocytic WBC’s (macrophages) |
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Definition
| engulf bacteria, viruses in infected tissues |
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Term
| Natural Killer (NK) cells |
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Definition
| attack virus-infected cells and cancer cells |
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Term
1. Interferons
2. Complement Proteins |
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Definition
| What are 2 Chemical Barriers of Second Line: Internal Barriers? |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins produced by virus-infected cells help healthy cells resist viruses |
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Term
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Definition
| circulating proteins that coat surfaces of microbes,making it easier for macrophages to find and engulf them |
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