Term
Overview of Kidney Functions
Regulation of blood ___ composition
Regulation of blood __, osmolarity & ___
Regulation of blood ____
Regulation of blood ____
Release of ____ & ______
Excretion of wastes & foreign substances |
|
Definition
Overview of Kidney Functions
Regulation of blood ionic composition
Regulation of blood pH, osmolarity & glucose
Regulation of blood volume
Regulation of blood pressure
Release of erythropoietin & calcitriol
Excretion of wastes & foreign substances |
|
|
Term
| The Urinary System Main waste products ___ - derived from amino acids breakdown Uric acid -turn-over of nuclei acids ____-breakdown of creatine phosphate (stores energy for manufacture of ATP) Kidneys are the major excretory organs (lungs, liver and skin) Maintain blood volume and chemical makeup by keeping balance of water, ions, acid and base |
|
Definition
| The Urinary System Main waste products Urea - derived from amino acids breakdown Uric acid -turn-over of nuclei acids Creatinine-breakdown of creatine phosphate Kidneys are the major excretory organs (lungs, liver and skin) Maintain blood volume and chemical makeup by keeping balance of water, ions, acid and base |
|
|
Term
Location and External Anatomy of Kidneys
Bean-shaped
Located _____, behind the parietal peritoneum
___ lumbar region of the posterior abdominal wall
Lateral to T__–__ vertebrae
Right kidney crowed by the liver and lies slightly inferior to the left kidney
Average kidney – 12 cm tall, 6 cm wide,
___ – on concave surface
Vessels and nerves enter and exit
___ capsule surrounds the kidney |
|
Definition
Location and External Anatomy of Kidneys
Bean-shaped
Located retroperitoneally, behind the parietal peritoneum
Superior lumbar region of the posterior abdominal wall
Lateral to T12–L3 vertebrae
Right kidney crowed by the liver and lies slightly inferior to the left kidney
Average kidney – 12 cm tall, 6 cm wide,
Hilus – on concave surface
Vessels and nerves enter and exit
Renal capsule surrounds the kidney |
|
|
Term
Medulla: renal pyramids and renal pelvis
Renal __ is a flat, funnel-shapped tube is the superior part of the ___
Branching from the renal pelvis are 2-3 major ___
Gross vasculature
Rich in blood supply
Resting conditions:__ of the heart systemic output reaches the kidneys via the renal arteries
Renal arteries are at right angle form the aorta
Renal arteries divides into __ segmental arteries
In the renal sinus, each segmental artery branches into __ arteries - divide into interlobar arteries - in the medulla-cortex junction: ___arteries -interlobular arteries (cortex) |
|
Definition
Medulla: renal pyramids and renal pelvis
Renal pelvis is a flat, funnel-shapped tube is the superior part of the ureter
Branching from the renal pelvis are 2-3 major calices
Gross vasculature
Rich in blood supply
Resting conditions: 1/4 of the heart systemic output reaches the kidneys via the renal arteries
Renal arteries are at right angle form the aorta
Renal arteries divides into 5 segmental arteries
In the renal sinus, each segmental artery branches into lobar arteries - divide into interlobar arteries - in the medulla-cortex junction: arcuate arteries -interlobular arteries (cortex) |
|
|
Term
Internal Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys
Nerve supply – renal plexus
A network of ___ fibers and __ ganglia on the renal arteries
Is an offshoot of the ___ plexus
Renal plexus is supplied by __ fibers from the most splanchnic nerve.
They control diameter of the renal arteries and influence urine formation functions |
|
Definition
Internal Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys
Nerve supply – renal plexus
A network of autonomic fibers and autonomic ganglia on the renal arteries
Is an offshoot of the celiac plexus
Renal plexus is supplied by sympathetic fibers from the most splanchnic nerve.
They control diameter of the renal arteries and influence urine formation functions |
|
|
Term
Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidneys
____ -structural and functional kidney unit. More than 1 million /kidney
Composed of:
___ – urine-forming ___
Composed of a renal corpuscle, a proximal convoluted tubule, a Henle loop and a distal convoluted tubule
____ – involved in concentrating urine by removing water |
|
Definition
Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidneys
Uriniferous tubules -structural and functional kidney unit. More than 1 million /kidney
Composed of:
Nephron – urine-forming nephron
Composed of a renal corpuscle, a proximal convoluted tubule, a Henle loop and a distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct – involved in concentrating urine by removing water
***Nephron is sometimes also called the functional unit as they are more than 1 nephron/collecting duct |
|
|
Term
| Uriniferous tubules are lined by a ____ epithelium (one cell thick) |
|
Definition
| Uriniferous tubules are lined by a simple epithelium (one cell thick) |
|
|
Term
Filtration – filtrate of ___ leaves kidney capillaries
Reabsorption – most nutrients, water, and essential ions reclaimed go back to capillaries
__%of renal filtrate is reabsorbed
Secretion – active process of removing undesirable molecules from blood into the ___ |
|
Definition
Filtration – filtrate of blood leaves kidney capillaries
Reabsorption – most nutrients, water, and essential ions reclaimed go back to capillaries
99%of renal filtrate is reabsorbed
Secretion – active process of removing undesirable molecules from blood into the tubule |
|
|
Term
Renal ___ – glomerulus and glomerular capsule only in the ____
____ – tuft of capillaries afferent and efferent arterioles
Capillaries with ___epithelium- pores
Large quantities of fluid and small molecules pass from capillaries to hollow interior of the glomerular capsule -capsular space
Glomerular (___) capsule
Parietal external layer – __ epithelium.
No part in filtrate formation
Visceral layer, sticks to the glomerulus– consists of ____ -branching epithelial cells |
|
Definition
Renal corpuscle – glomerulus and glomerular capsule only in the cortex
Glomerulus – tuft of capillaries afferent and efferent arterioles
Capillaries with fenestrated epithelium- pores
Large quantities of fluid and small molecules pass from capillaries to hollow interior of the glomerule capsule -capsular space
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
Parietal external layer – simple squamous epithelium.
No part in filtrate formation
Visceral layer, sticks to the glomerulus– consists of podocytes -branching epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
Tubular Section of Nephron
Filtrate proceeds to renal tubules from _____
Proximal ___ tubule
Loop of _____
____ limb
___ segment
Ascending ____ segment
____ convoluted tubule |
|
Definition
Tubular Section of Nephron
Filtrate proceeds to renal tubules from glomerulus
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Descending limb
Thin segment
Ascending thick segment
Distal convoluted tubule |
|
|
Term
Tubular Section of Nephron
Classes of Nephron
____ nephrons – 85% of nephrons
_____ nephrons – 15% of nephrons
Collecting Tubules (Collecting ducts)
Collecting tubules – receive urine from ___ convoluted tubules |
|
Definition
Tubular Section of Nephron
Classes of Nephron
Cortical nephrons – 85% of nephrons
Juxtamedullary nephrons – 15% of nephrons
Collecting Tubules (Collecting ducts)
Collecting tubules – receive urine from distal convoluted tubules |
|
|
Term
Microscopic Blood Vessels
Nephrons associated with capillary beds
____ – fed and drained by arterioles
____ and ____ arterioles
High pressure filtrate is forced out of the blood into the glomerule capsule
Kidneys generate ~1L of this filtrate ~8 minutes
_% ends up in urine, __% is reabsorbed
___ capillaries – arise from efferent arteriole
__-pressure, porous capillaries
Adapted for solutes ___
__ ___ – thin-walled looping vessels
Descend into the medulla running along the Henle loop
Part of the kidney’s urine-concentrating mechanism |
|
Definition
Microscopic Blood Vessels
Nephrons associated with capillary beds
Glomerulus – fed and drained by arterioles
Afferent and efferent arterioles
High pressure filtrate is forced out of the blood into the glomerule capsule
Kidneys generate ~1L of this filtrate ~8 minutes
1% ends up in urine, 99% is reabsorbed
Peritubular capillaries – arise from efferent arteriole
Arise from the efferent arterioles
Low-pressure, porous capillaries
Adapted for solutes absorption
Vasa recta – thin-walled looping vessels
Descend into the medulla running along the Henle loop
Part of the kidney’s urine-concentrating mechanism |
|
|
Term
_____ apparatus
An area of specialized contact between the first part of the distal convoluted tubule and the afferent arteriole
Functions in the regulation of blood pressure
_____ cells – secrete renin
Modified ___ muscle cells
___receptors sensitive to falling blood pressure in the afferent arteriole |
|
Definition
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
An area of specialized contact between the first part of the distal convoluted tubule and the afferent arteriole
Functions in the regulation of blood pressure
Juxtaglomerular cells – secrete renin
Modified smooth muscle cells
Mechanoreceptors sensitive to falling blood pressure in the afferent arteriole |
|
|
Term
____ – portion of distal convoluted tubule adjacent to the juxtaglomerular cells
Tall, closely packed epithelial cells
Act as ____receptors - monitor solute concentration in the filtrate
When solute concentration falls down, __ signals juxtaglomerular to secrete __
Secretion of aldosterone from adrenal cortex |
|
Definition
Macula densa – portion of distal convoluted tubule adjacent to the juxtaglomerular cells
Tall, closely packed epithelial cells
Act as chemoreceptors - monitor solute concentration in the filtrate
When solute concentration falls down, macula signals juxtaglomerular to secrete renin
Secretion of aldosterone from adrenal cortex |
|
|
Term
Ureters
Carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
___ entry into bladder prevents backflow of urine
Histology of ureter
___ – transitional epithelium
___ – two layers
Inner longitudinal layer
Outer circular layer
____ – typical connective tissue |
|
Definition
Ureters
Carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Oblique entry into bladder prevents backflow of urine
Histology of ureter
Mucosa – transitional epithelium
Muscularis – two layers
Inner longitudinal layer
Outer circular layer
Adventitia – typical connective tissue |
|
|
Term
Urinary Bladder
A collapsible muscular sac
Stores and expels urine
Full bladder – spherical
Expands into the ____ cavity
Empty bladder – lies entirely within the ____
Interior of the bladder, opening for both __ and the ___ defines on the posterior wall the ____ |
|
Definition
Urinary Bladder
A collapsible muscular sac
Stores and expels urine
Full bladder – spherical
Expands into the abdominal cavity
Empty bladder – lies entirely within the pelvis
Interior of the bladder, opening for both ureters and the urethra defines on the posterior wall the trigone |
|
|
Term
Prostate gland – in males
Lies directly ____ to the bladder
Surrounds the____urethra |
|
Definition
Prostate gland – in males
Lies directly inferior to the bladder
Surrounds the urethra |
|
|
Term
Urethra
Thin-walled tube that drains urine from the bladder outside of the body
Epithelium
____ epithelium – near the bladder
____and pseudo___ ___ – mid urethra
Stratified ___ epithelium – near the distal end
Internal urethral sphincter – involuntary __ muscle
External urethral sphincter – ___ inhibits urination |
|
Definition
Urethra
Thin-walled tube that drains urine from the bladder outside of the body
Epithelium
Transitional epithelium – near the bladder
Stratified and pseudostratified columnar – mid urethra
Stratified squamous epithelium – near the distal end
Internal urethral sphincter – involuntary smooth muscle
External urethral sphincter – voluntarily inhibits urination |
|
|
Term
Urethra
In females – length of 3–4 cm
In males – __ cm in length – three named regions
__ urethra – passes through the prostate gland
____ urethra – through the urogenital diaphragm
___(penile) urethra – passes through the length of the penis
Micturition = _____ |
|
Definition
Urethra
In females – length of 3–4 cm
In males – 20 cm in length – three named regions
Prostatic urethra – passes through the prostate gland
Membranous urethra – through the urogenital diaphragm
Spongy (penile) urethra – passes through the length of the penis
Micturition = peeing |
|
|
