a benign growth that hangs from a short stalk, commonly occurring on the neck, eyelids, axilla, or groin. 

also known as cutaneous paipilloma or skin tag

Partial or complete loss of hair.

May result from normal aging, a reaction to a medication such as anticancer medications, an endocrine disorder, or a skin disease. 

A surgical joining of two ducts, blood vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to the other. 

Anastomosis of blood vessels may be performed by bypass an occluded area and restore normal blood flow to the area. 

Lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat. 

Anorexia is seen in individuals who are depressed, with the onset of fever and illness, with stomach disorders, or as a result of excessive intake of alcohol or drugs. 

Inability to control urination; the inability to retain urine in the bladder. 

The inability to retain urine in the bladder; the loss of urine from the bladder due to loss of sphincter control. This involundary loss of urine is severe enough to cause social or hygienic problems  

is identified by raised areas that appear scaly and may bleed at the edges. An area of inflammation around the border of the lesion may be noted. 

Occurs on the sun-exposed skin of the face or hands in aged, light-skinned persons 

A malignant epithelial cell tumor that begins as a slightly elevated nodule with a depression or ulceration in the center that becomes more obvious as the tumor grows. As the depression enlarges, the tissue breaks down, crusts, and bleeds. 

most common malignant tumor of the epithelial tissue 

A malignancy of the squamous, or scalelike, cells of the epithelial tissue. Squamous cell carcinoma is a much faster growing cancer than basal cell carcinoma and has a greater potential for metastasis if not treated. 

most frequently seen on these sunexposed areas 

Begins as a firm, flesh-colored, or red papule sometimes wiht a crusted appearance 

is an acute or chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by erythema, papules, vesciles, pustules, scales, crusts, or scabs; accompanied by intense itching. 

Long-term effects of eczema may result in thickening and hardening of the skin, known as lichenification, which is due to irritation caused from repeated scratching of the itchy area. 

appears as a brown or waxy yellow wartlike lesion(s), 5 to 20 mm in diameter, loosely attached to the skin surface. 

also known as seborrheic warts. 

a break in the continuity of the bone involving the upper third of the femur. 

Classified as either intracapsular (within the joint capsule) or extracapsular (outside the joint capsule) 

is a disease in which the bones become abnormally soft due to a deficiency of calcium and phosphorus in the blood (which is necessary for bone mineralization). The disease results in fractures and noticeable deformities of the weight-bearing bones. This diseases is the adult equivalent of rickets. 

deficiency due to lack of vitamin D, lack of exposure to sunlight, or by a metabolic disorder causing malabsorption 

literally means porous bones; that is, bones that were once strong become fragile due to loss of bone density. 

occurs most frequently in postmenopausal women, in sedentary or immobilized individuals, and in patients on long-term steroid treatment. 

hormones and genetics are major factors 

symptoms: breaks, loss of height and the development of the typical kyphosis 

A nonmetabolic disease of the bone, characterized by excessive bone destruction (breakdown of bone tissue by the osteoclasts) and unorganized bone formation by the osteoblasts. The bone is weak and prone to fractures. After symptoms are present, the diseased bone takes on a characteristic mosaic pattern that can be detected with X-ray or bone scan;

also known as osteitis deformans. 

is a type of arthritis that affects the vertebral column and causes deformities of the spine;

also known as Marie-Strumpell disease and as rheumatoid spondylitis

Symptoms: arthralgia, weight loss, and generlized malaise (weakness). As the disease progresses, the spine becomes increasingly stiff, with fusion of the spine into a position of kyphosis (humpback)

Bunion 

(hallux valgus) 

is a metabolic disease in which uric acid crystals are deposited in joints or other tissues. It is characterized by inflammation of the first metatrasal joint of the great toe. Although the great toe is the most common site for gout, it can occur in other parts of the foot and body. Men between the ages of 40 adn 60 are more commonly affected by gout than women. Gout usually appears in women in the postmenopausal period. 

can be a hereditary disease in which the individual does not metabolize uric acid properly. Large amoutns of uric acid accumulate in the blood and in the synovial fluid of the joints. 

is also known as degenerative joint disease. It is the most common form of arthritis, having universal prevalence in those age 80 and over. It results from wear and tear on the joints, especially weight-bearing joints such as the hips and knees. 

Stiffness and pain seems to increase in the morning or changes of weather 

Restless Legs Syndrome 

(RLS)

A condition of the legs involving annoying sensations of uneasiness, tiredness, itching, or tingling of the leg muscles while resting. The individual feels an overwhelming desire to get up and move around due to the jerking sensation and painful twitching of the muscles.

It is sometimes referred to as Ekbom's syndrome, after the doctor who first recognized it. 

symptoms: experience repeated awakenings during the night and experience daytime sleepiness. 

a progressive, degenerative disease that affects teh cortex of the brain and results in deterioration of a person's intellectual functioning. 

Alzheimer's disease is progressive and extremely debilitating. It begins with minor memory loss and progresses to complete loss of mental, emotional, and physical functioning, frequently occurring in persons over 65 years of age. 

about 50% of those over 85 will develop this disease 

Stage 1: (1-3 years) loss of short-term memory; decreased ability to pay attentio or learn new information; gradual personality change 

Stage 2: (2-10 years) person loses the ability to write, to identify objects by touch, perform simple tasks (like getting ready) 

Stage 3: (8-10 years) looses communication skills; bowel and bladder incontinence; limb rigidity 

Cerebrovascular Accident 

(CVA) 

Neurological deficit(s) resulting from a decrease in blood (ischemia) to a specific localized area in the brain; also called "stroke" or "brain" 

Transcient ischemic attacks (TIAs): mini-strokes; very brief periods of ischemia in the brain, lasting from minutes to hours. Sometimes the symptoms are vague and difficult to describe. 

Cerebral thrombosis: makes up 50% of all CVAs. (generally because of a buildup of plaque) 

Cerebral embolism: occurs when an embolus or gragments of a blood clot, fat, bacteria, or tumor lodge in a cerebral vessle and cause an occlusion 

Cerebral hemorrhage:

A degnerative, slowly progressive, deterioration of nerves in teh brain stem's motor system, characterized by a gradual onset of symptoms (such as a stooped posture with th ebody flexed forward; a bowed head; a shuffling gait; pill-rolling gestures; an expressionless, masklike facial appearance; muffled speech and swallowing difficulty). 

Symptoms:

Motor dysfunction: nonintentional tremors; posture distrubances; muscle rigidity 

Autonomic system dysfunction: excess sweating, drooling, etc

Mental and emotional dysfunction: loss of memory, declining mental processes, lack of problem-solving skill, uneasiness, and depression

Shingles 

(herpes zoster)

Collection of blood beneath the skin in the form of pinpoint hemorrhages appearing as red-purple skin discolorations 

caused by a decreased number of circulating platelets (thrombocytopenia)

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a disorder in which the individual produces antibodies that destory his or her own platelets 

An arterial condition in which there is thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries, resulting in decreased blood supply, especially to the lower extremities and cerebrum; 

also called hardening of the arteries 

Congestive Heart Failure

(CHF)

Condition characterized by weakness, breathlessness, and abdominal discomfort. Edema in the lower portions of the body results from the flow of the blood through the vessels being slowed (venous stasis) and the outflow of blood from the left side of the heart being reduced. The pumping ability of the heart is progressively impaired to the point that it no longer meets bodily needs; also known as cardiac failure. 

Congestive heart failure is the single most frequent cause of hospitalization for those individuals 65 years of age and older. 

The principle feature in congestive heart failure is increased intravascular volume. 

Coronary Artery Disease

(CAD)

Narrowing of the coronary arteries to the extent that adequate blood supply to the myocardium is prevented. 

caused by atherosclerosis 

As a result of the ischemia of the myocardial muscle, the individual experiences a burning, squeezing, or tightness in teh chest that may radiate to the neck, shoulder blade, and left arm. 

A chronic pulmonary disease characterized by increase beyond the normal in the size of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole, either from dilatation of the alveoli or from destruction of their walls. 

the act expiration becomes one of active muscular movement to foce the air out. 

A highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory tract transmited by airborne droplet infection;

also known as the flu. 

Influenza can occur in isolated cases or can be epidemic. Teh incubation period is usually one to three days after exposure. Older adults may be more prone to developing bacterial influenza, as are those individuals who ahve chronic pulmonary disease. 

Swelling of the lungs caused by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the lungs, in either the alveoli or the interstitial spaces. 

most common cause is cardiac disease 

The pulmonary congestion occurs when the pulmonary vessels receive more blood from the right ventricle of the heart than th eleft ventricle can accommodate and remove. 

This congestion causes the fluid to lead through the capillary walls and permeate into the airwayrs, creating a sudden onset of breathlessness and a sense of suffocation. 

Pulmonary Heart Disease

(cor pulmonale)

A disorder of the pancreas in which the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas fail to produce an adequate amount of insulin, resulting in teh body's inability to appropriately metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. 

Symptoms: glycosuria, polydipsia, and polyuria. polyphagia, presence of ketons in the urine 

Occurs as a consequence of an 8- to 10-year duration of diabetes mellitus in which the capillaries of the retina expereinces scarring due to the following: 

abnormal dilatation and constriction of vessles

hemorrhages

microaneurysm

abnormal formation of new vessels, causing leakage of blood into the vitreous humor 

Ocular disorders identified as a group due to the increase in intraocular pressure. This increase in intraocular pressure may be primary or secondary, acute or chronic, and described as open or closed angle. 

These disorders occur due to a barrier in the normal outflow of aqeous humor or an increased production of aqueous humor. 

Barium Enema 

(lower GI series)

Barium Swallow 

(upper GI series)

Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry 

(DEXA)

Extracapsular Cataract Extraction

(ECCE)

Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty

(PTCA)

Transurethral Resection of the Prostate 

(TURP)