romantic republicanism

• after the Congress of Vienna, secret republican societies were founded throughout Italy
• most famous was the Carbonari (ineffective)

• leader of romantic republican nationalism
• led insurrections with his friend Garibaldi
• aroused emotional support for Italian unity, but frightened the moderate Italians

Young Italy Society

• founded by Mazzini
• meant to drive Austria from the peninsula and establish an Italian republic

 Count Camillo Cavour

• transformed Italy into a nation-state governed by a constitutional monarchy
• prime minister of Victor Emmanuel II
• conservative → moderately liberal
• imbued with ideas of Enlightenment, classical economics, and utilitarianism
• rejected republicansim (economic and material progress rather than Romanticism)
• Italy can only be united with the aid of France (joined the Crimean War)

Nationalist Society

• fostered by Cavour to capture the loyalties of those Italians who believed in other varieties of nationalism
• pressed for unification under the leadership of Piedmont

• fellow republican of Mazzini
• landed in Sicily with more than 1,000 troops
• aided in Italian Unification
• hoped to from a repubican Italy, but forestalled by Cavour
• his nationalism outshined his republicanism

North:

• industrial, linked to Europe
• urban working class

South:

• rural, poor, backward
• large landholders and peasants

transformismo

• in place of efficient government, like that of Cavour's
• political opponents "transformed" into government supporters through bribery, favors, or a seat in the cabinet

• Venetia joined in return for Italy's alliance in the Austro-Prussian War
• Rome joined after the French were withdrawn during the Franco-Prussian War

• ended the hostilities between the papacy and the newly formed Italian state