Term
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Definition
| The branch of medicine that deals with urinary system and male reproductive tract. |
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Term
| What are the fxns of the excretory system? |
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Definition
1.)Adjusts blood volume and pressure
2.)Regulates plasma concentrations
3.)Stabilizes blood pH
4.)Excretes metabolic wastes and drugs.
5.)Regulates RBC production, synthesizes calcitrol and performs gluconeogensis. |
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Term
| What are the two bean shaped very metabolically active organs? |
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Definition
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Term
| At rest, the kidneys receive about ____% of the cardiac output. |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the kidneys produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| Two ______ that receive urine from the kidneys and conduct it to the urinary bladder. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Combination of gravity and peristalsis. |
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Term
| The urinary bladder receives and stores urine prior to elimination from the body. T of F? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does the urinary bladder possess rugae? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the urinary bladder lined with? |
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Definition
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Term
| What drains urine from the urinary bladder and transports it as urine to the outside? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the urethra drain in males? |
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Definition
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Term
| What regulates urination? |
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Definition
| Internal and external urethral sphincter. |
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Term
| What vertebrae are the kidneys located between? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the right kidney lower than the left? |
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Definition
| The liver size and position. |
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Term
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Definition
| A prominent medial indention where blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels enter and leave the kidneys. |
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Term
| What are the connective tissue layers of the kidney? |
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Definition
1.)Renal Capsule
2.)Adipose Capsule
3.)Renal Fascia |
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Term
| What is the renal capsule? |
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Definition
| A layer of collagen fibers that covers the outer surface of the kidney. Also lines the renal sinus which is an internal cavity in the kidneys. |
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Term
| What is the adipose capsule? |
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Definition
| Perinephric Fat Capsule. Thick middle layer of fatty tissue that insulates and cushions the kidneys. |
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Term
| What is the Renal Fascia? |
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Definition
| the outmost, dense connective tissue that achors the kidneys and adrenal glands. |
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Term
| What is the renal cortex? |
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Definition
| Outer poriton of the kidney and is in contact with the renal capsule. Light red in color and has granule appearence. |
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Term
| What is the renal medulla? |
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Definition
| Extends from the renal cortex to the renal sinus. Has renal pyramids and renal papillae. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inward extensions of cortical tissue that separates the pyramids. |
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Term
| What is the renal pelvis? |
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Definition
| A flat, funnel shaped tube that drains urine from the cortex and medulla toward the ureters. |
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Term
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Definition
| Branch of renal pelvis that encloses the top of a single renal pyramid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forms the fusion of 4-5 minor calyces. |
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Term
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Definition
| The functional unit of the kidney. each kidney contains 1.25 million nephrons which = 85 miles. |
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Term
| What are the two types of nephrons? |
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Definition
1.)Cortical Nephron
2.)Juxtamedullary Nephron |
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Term
| What is the cortical nephron? |
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Definition
| 85%. Located mostly in the cortex and are responsible for most of the regulatory fxn of the kidneys. Wrapped by pertubular capillary bed which reabsorbs nutrients that were inadvertently filtered as a component of the filtrate. The peritubular capillaries tend to primarily surround the PCT and DCT |
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Term
| What is the juxtamedullary nephron? |
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Definition
| 15%. Long loops of henle that deeply invade the medulla. Associated with vasa recta and the production of concentrated urine as they tend to be long, straight capillaries that surround the loops of Henle rather than PCT or DCT. |
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Term
| What is the renal corpuscle responsible for? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| First capillary bed composed of FENESTRATED capillaries which are exceptionally porous allowing large amounts of solute to pass from blood into the surrounding Bowman's capsule. |
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Term
| The substance removed from the blood and is called... |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the bowman's capsule? |
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Definition
| Collection tubule that surrounds the glomerulus and is primarily simple squamous. A basement membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large cells located in the visceral layer of the BC that posses complex foot processes called pedicles. They wrap around the glomerulus creating filtration slits that limit the movement of large materials out of the blood and into BC. |
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Term
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Definition
| Smooth muscle cells that act as mechanoreceptors that sense blood pressure in the afferent arteriole. Secrete renin in response to low BP. |
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Term
| What are the macula densa cells? |
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Definition
| Osmoreceptors that respond to solute concentrations in the filtrate and filtrate flow. Low osmolarity (slow flow) stimulates vasodialation. High osmolarity (fast flow) stimulates vasoconstriction. Also monitor oxygen changes. if there is a drop, they'll secrete EPO. |
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Term
| What are the mesangial cells? |
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Definition
| Phagocytic cells with contractile abilities. Contract or relax to control capillary diameter hence the rate of blood flow and glomerular filtration rates. |
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Term
| What are renal tubules responsible for? |
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Definition
| Absorption and secretion processes. Once filtrate enters here, it is called tubular fluid. |
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Term
| What are the wall of the PCT? |
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Definition
| Walls are made up of brush-border simple cuboidal epithelium for absorption and secretion. |
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Term
| The PCT absorbs _____% of glucose, amino acids, and other organic compounds. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, magnesium, phosphate, and sulfate ions. |
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Term
| What is the loop of henle made of? |
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Definition
| Thick segment of cuboidal and low columnar and a thin segment of simple squamous located in the medulla. |
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Term
| What is the loop of henle primarily responsible for? |
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Definition
| Establishment of an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla. Promotes water reabsorption from the tubular fluid int he nephron and collection system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-cilliated cuboidal epithelium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Make continued adjustments in the solute composition of the tubular fluids through a combination of secretion and reabsorption mechanisms. |
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Term
| What are the collection ducts? |
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Definition
| Carry tubular fluids through the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla and make final adjustments in the volume and osmotic conc of the urine. |
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Term
| What is the order of branching of the renal arteries (largest to smallest)? |
|
Definition
1.)Segmental
2.)Interlobar
3.)Arcuate
4.)Cortical radiate
5.)Afferent
6.)Glomerulus (first capillary bed)
7.)Efferent arteriole
8.)Peritubular Capillaries or Vas Recta (2nd capillary bed) |
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Term
| What do the second capillary beds transport? |
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Definition
| Clean, deoxygenated blood to the veins and out of the kidneys. |
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Term
| What is the vein sequence of the kidneys? |
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Definition
1.)Cortical radiate
2.)Arcuate
3.)Interlobar
4.)Renal Veins
5.)Inferior Vena Cava |
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Term
| What are the 3 processes of the creation of urine? |
|
Definition
1.)Glomerular non-selective filtration occurs at the glomerulus and BC.
2.)Tubular reabsorption occurs in the PCT, the loop of henle, and the first part of the DCT.
3.)Tubular secretion occurs mostly in the PCT for most materials but in the DCT for K+. |
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Term
| What is the first step of non-selective filtration? |
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Definition
| Unfiltered blood in the afferent arterioles enter to the glomerulus. |
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Term
| Anything that is small enough is forced into the ______ _____ as filtrate. |
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Definition
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Term
| Efferent arterioles transport the blood where? |
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Definition
| Away from the glomerulus towards the 2nd capillary bed, either the peritubular capillary or the vasa recta. |
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Term
| Why is the glomerulus unique? |
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Definition
| Arterioles move the blood into the capillary bed and transport blood away from the capillary bed. Almost all other capillary beds in the body have venules to take blood from the capillary beds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glomerulus Filtration Rate. The amount of filtrate formed in both kidneys per minute. |
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Term
| What is the normal GFR in a healthy person? |
|
Definition
| 125 mL of filtrate/minute. |
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|
Term
| Where does the majority of the GFR go? |
|
Definition
| Reabsorbed in the renal tubule portion of the nephron. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Only 1 mL of urine is produced per each 125 mL of glomerular filtrate produced. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Generates a push OUT of the glomerulus and into the Bownman's capsule so that water and solutes are forced out of the plasma and into the filtrate. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Generates a suction into the glomerulus so that water and solutes are drawn out of the filtrate and into the plasma. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Generates a push OUT of the Bowman's capsule and into the glomerulus so that water and solutes are forced out of the filtrate and into the plasma. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Generates a suction INTO the bowman's capsule which draws waters and solutes out of the glomerulus from the plasma and into the filtrate. |
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Term
|
Definition
The difference between the forces favoring filtation.
NFP = (GHP - BCOP) - (CsHP-CsOP) |
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|
Term
| If NFP is positive this means... |
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Definition
| The netmovment of materials is OUT of the glomerulus and into the Bowman's Capsule. Net movement out = filtration. |
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Term
| The hydrostatic pressure of the glomeruli is much higher than that of other capillary beds (15-18mmHg). What is the result of this? |
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Definition
| More filtrate is produced by the glomeruli of the kidneys compared to all other capillary beds of the body combined. |
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Term
| What is the first step of Tubular Re-absorption? |
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Definition
| As glomerular filtrate enters the PCT, the loop of henle, and the first part of the DCT, water ions, and other substances are re absorbed into the blood via the peritubular capillary bed. |
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Term
| Most substances simply diffuse from the _____ ______ directly into the ________ ______ ___. |
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Definition
| tubule lumen/ peritubular capillary bed |
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Term
|
Definition
| Combination of simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, secondary active transport. |
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Term
| Along the pct, ______ L out of 180L are reabsorbed. |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of filtered organic compounds are reabsorbed? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of filtered bicarbonate are reabsorbed? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of filtered H20 is reabsorbed? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of filtered Na+ is reabsorbed? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of filtered Cl- is reabsorbed? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Does water absorption continue on the descending loop of henle? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does solute reabsorption occur? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Water follows ____ while K+ always moves opposite to _____ movement. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How much of the initial filtrate makes it to the DCT? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In the DCT, does the tubular fluid still resemble blood plasma? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Does the concentration of the solute and volume change throughout the DCT? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Can water permeability of the PCT and the loop of henle change? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Water reabsorption occurs whenever the osmotic concentration of the peritubular fluid exceeds that of tubular fluid. This cannot be prevented so what is it considered? |
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Definition
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Term
| The volume of water lost in urine depends on how much water in the remaining 15% tubular fluid is reabsorbed along the ______ and _______ ______. Can this amount be controlled? What is it called? |
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Definition
| DCT. Collecting Ducts. Yes. Facultative Water Reabsorption. |
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Term
| What is facultative water reabsorption controlled by? |
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Definition
| ADH which is produced by the hypothalamus and stored/secreted by/in the pituitary gland. |
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Term
| What does tubular secretion involve? |
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Definition
| The movement of substances out of blood and into the remaining tubular fluid. |
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Term
| What are common substances secreted during tubular secretion? |
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Definition
| Potassium ions, hydrogen ions, ammonium ions, by-products of drugs and penicillin, creatine, and some hormones. |
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Term
| What is the movement of potassium ions tied to? |
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Definition
| The movement of sodium ions. |
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Term
| If large amounts of sodium are absorbed into the thick segment of the loop of henle, large amounts of potassium are what? |
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Definition
| Secreted into the tubular fluid. |
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|
Term
| When the pH of the body fluids becomes more acidic, ______ _____ are secreted in exchange for ______ ______. |
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Definition
| hydrogen ions/sodium ions. |
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Term
| When molecules are too large to be filtered in the glomerulus, where can they be secreted and by what? |
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Definition
| can be secreted into tubular filtrate by carrier proteins located within the walls of the DCT. |
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Term
| What is tubular fluid called when it reaches the collecting duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the tubular fluid drained through to get to the collecting duct? |
|
Definition
| The reanl papillae into the minor calyces which merge to form the major calyces which merge further to form the renal pelvis. |
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|
Term
| The renal pelvis exits the kidney at the _______ ____ and is connected to the top of the ______ which undergoes peristalsis to transport urine to the bladder for storage. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How does ADH effect urine volume and concentration? |
|
Definition
| It encourages water reabsorption at the collection ducts so the more that is secreted, the less urine produced. |
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Term
| How does aldosterone effect urine volume and concentration? |
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Definition
| Promotes the reabsorption of sodium ions within the renal tubules and excretion of potassium ions. |
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Term
| So if you have low blood sodium concentration, aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal cortex and your body reabsorbs it at a higher rate. Excess blood sodium levels will inhibit aldosterone secreteion therefore sodium reabsorption is shut down and the excess is lost in urine. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How does ANP effect urine volume and concentration? |
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Definition
| It is produced by the atria of the heart and INHIBITS the secretion of aldosterone so it promotes the excretion of Na+ and the reabsorption of K+. |
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Term
| So, if sodium is EXCRETED more water will be lost in what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| So if more water and salt are lost in urine when ANP is secreted, what does that make ANP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| JG cells of the renal corpuscle. |
|
|
Term
| What is renin release triggered by? |
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Definition
| A drop in blood pressure causing angiotensin I to be converted to angiotensin II in the lungs. Vasoconstrictor. |
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Term
| Angiotensin II constricts the capillaries forming the glomerulus which results in what? |
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Definition
| Less filtrate/urine production which in turn raises blood volume and therefore raises blood pressure. |
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|
Term
| What is the volume of urine produced per day by a healthy adult? |
|
Definition
| 1200 mililiters/day with osmotic concentration of 1000 mOsm/L. |
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|
Term
| What is the range of urine produced per day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the water content of urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is urine a clear yellow? |
|
Definition
| An abundance of a yellow pigment called urochrome. |
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Term
| What is it called when urine is not clear? What does this suggest? |
|
Definition
| Turbid. A bacterial infection. |
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Term
| Does urine contain bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the specific gravity of urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is it called when there is glucose in urine? What could be causing it? |
|
Definition
| Gycosuria. Diabetes mellitus |
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Term
| What is it called when there is protein in urine? What could be causing it? |
|
Definition
| Proteinuria or albuminira. Pregnancy, heart failure, renal disease. |
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Term
| What is it called when there is KEtone Bodies in urine? What could be causing it? |
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Definition
| Ketonuria. Starvation or untreated diabetes. |
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Term
| What is the called when there is hemoglobin in urine? What could be causing it? |
|
Definition
| Hemoglobbinuria. Severe burns, hemolytic anemia. |
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Term
| What is it called when there is bile pigments in urine? What could be causing it? |
|
Definition
| Bilirubinuria. Liver disease, obstruction of bile ducts. |
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Term
| What is it called when there is erythrocytes in urine? What could be causing it? |
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Definition
| Hematuria. Trauma, kidney stones, infection. |
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Term
| What is it called when there is leukocytes in urine? What could be causing it? |
|
Definition
| Pyuria. Urinary tract infections. |
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Term
| When does fluid modification and urine production end? |
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Definition
| When fluid enters the renal pelvis. |
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Term
| What is responsible for the transport, storage, and elimination of urine? |
|
Definition
| The ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An image of the urinary system obtained by taking an x-ray of the kidneys after a radiopaque compound has been administered intravenously. |
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Term
| What does a pyleogram provide? |
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Definition
| Orientation to the relative sizes and positions of the system's main structure |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A pair of muscular tubes that extend from the kidneys to the bladder. 12 inches. |
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Term
| What are the three layers of the ureter wall? |
|
Definition
1.)Inner mucosa - transitional epithelium surrounding a lamina propria
2.)Middler muscular layer - longitudinal smooth muscle
3.)Outer connective tissue layer |
|
|
Term
| What is the urinary bladder? |
|
Definition
| A hollow muscular organ that fxns as a temporary reservoir for urine. |
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|
Term
| About every 30 seconds, _______ _____ begin at the renal pelvis and sweeps along the ureter, forcing urine towards the urinary bladder. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 ligaments support the urinary bladder? |
|
Definition
| 2 lateral umbillical ligaments that pass along the sides of the bladder to the umbilicus, and a single middle umbilical ligament which extends from the anterior, superior border towards the umbilicus. |
|
|
Term
| Does the urinary bladder have a mucosa, submucosa and muscularis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mucosa of the bladder consist of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the muscularis layer consist of? |
|
Definition
| An inner and outer longitudinal layer with a circular layer in between. |
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|
Term
| What do the three layers of musclularis in the bladder make up? |
|
Definition
| Detrusor muscle that compresses the urinary bladder and expels its contents into the urethra. |
|
|
Term
| Does the urinary bladder have rugae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are uretal orifaces? |
|
Definition
| Where the ureters pass through the bladder at oblique angles creating slits called ureteral orifices. |
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|
Term
| The shape of the ureteral orifices helps prevent the _________ of ureine towards the ureter and kidneys when the urinary bladder ______. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is located at the bottom of the bladder that provides involuntary control over the discharge of urine from the bladder? What is it made of? |
|
Definition
| Internal urethra orifice with an internal urethral sphincter composed of smooth muscle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The triangular area bound by the ureteral orifices and the single urethral orifice. |
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|
Term
| Where does the urethra extend from? What does it transport to? |
|
Definition
| The neck of the urinary bladder to the urethral orifice. Transports urine to the exterior of the body. |
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|
Term
| The male urethra transports _____ and _____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the female urethra only transports ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In males, the urethra extends the legnth of the penis and is about 8 inches. T or F? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long is the urethra in women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms the external urethral sphincter? |
|
Definition
| Where the urethra passes through the urogenital diaphragm. This voluntarily controls urination |
|
|
Term
| What are the tissues found in the urethra? |
|
Definition
| Transitional at the neck of the urinary bladder, stratified columnar at the midpoint, and stratified squamous at the external urethral orifice. |
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|
Term
| The lamina propria is thick in the urethra. T or F? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are the mucin secreting cells located within the epithelium of the urethra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What connects the urethra to the surrounding tissues? |
|
Definition
| connective tissue of the lamina propria |
|
|
Term
| What is another word for urination? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What controls Micturition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Afferent fibers in the pelvic splanachnic nerves carry the information to the sacral spinal cord generating a local reflex and a central reflex. What information is it sending? |
|
Definition
| Stretch receptors in the urinary wall respond to the stretch in the urinary bladder caused by urine accumulation. |
|
|
Term
| what is the local reflex? |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic pre-ganglionic motor fibers in the pelvic nerves carry motor commands back to the urinary bladder. Post-ganglionic intramural ganglia stimulate the contraction of the detrusor muscle which elevates the hydrostatic pressure within the urinary bladder. |
|
|
Term
| What is the central reflex? |
|
Definition
| An interneuron relays the sensation to the thalamus where projection fibers relay information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex for conscious perception of the urge to urinate. If convenient, the person voluntarily relaxes the external urethral sphincter which in turn relaxes the internal urethral sphincter. Because the local reflex has already elevated pressure within the bladder, this leads to urination. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Infection or inflammation of the kidney |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Severely low urinary output as a result of injury, transfusion reaction, low blood pressure etc. 0-500 mL a day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Low urine output. 50-500 mL. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excess urinary output resulting from hormonal or metabolic problems such as those associated with diabetes or glomerulonephritis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Urethral orifice is located on the ventral surface of the penis |
|
|
Term
| What is diabetes insipidus? |
|
Definition
| Production of large quantities of urine resulting in severe dehydration and intense thirst. Occurs as a result of low ADH release. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Painful or difficult urinatio can occur with cystitis or urethritis or with urinary obstructions. IN males, an enlarged prostate gland can compress the urethra and cause this. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the urethra |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inability to control urination voluntarily, may involve periodic leaking (stress) or inability to delay urination (urge) or continual slow trickles of urine from a bladder that is always full (overflow). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is urinary retention? |
|
Definition
| Inability to expel urine even though renal function is normal. Common in males with an enlarged prostate. |
|
|
Term
| What is Polycystic kidney? |
|
Definition
| An inherited condition that results in urine-filled cysts (or a chloride-rich fluid) forming within the kidney |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Area of dead, nercrotic, renal tissue. |
|
|
Term
| PCT reabsorbs ____% of filtrate and puts it back into blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
