Term
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Definition
the properties of aqueous solutions
Hydrophilic (hydro- = water, philos = loving) = interacts with water; includes ions and polar molecules
Hydrophobic (phobos = fear) -does NOT interact with water; includes nonpolar molecules, fats, and oils |
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Term
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Definition
1. High heat capacity
2. High heat of vaporization
3. Polar solvent properties
4. Reactivity
5. Cushioning |
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Term
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Definition
molecules based on carbon & hydrogen
ex: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
Contain H, C, and usually O |
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Term
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Definition
molecules not based on carbon and hydrogen
ex: carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, and inorganic acids, bases, and salts |
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Term
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Definition
the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution
*pH of blood 7.35-7.45
- Neutral is balance of H+ and OH— |
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Term
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Definition
pH lower than 7.0
High H+ concentration / Low OH— concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio |
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Term
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Definition
mainly hydrophobic molecules such as fats, oils, and waxes
made mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms
i.e: Fatty acids
Eicosanoids
Glycerides
Steroids
Phospholipids and glycolipids |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails and are structural lipids, components of plasma (cell) membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| local hormones, short-chain fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
| with hydrogen (no covalent bonds) |
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Term
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Definition
(one or more double bonds):
monounsaturated = one double bond
polyunsaturated = two or more double bonds |
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Term
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Definition
1. Support - structural proteins
2. Movement - contractile proteins
3. Transport - carrier proteins
4. Buffering - pH regulation
5. Metabolic regulation - enzymes
6. Coordination and control - hormones
7. Defense - antibodies |
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Term
| Characteristics of Enzymes |
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Definition
1.Enzymes are catalysts
2. Lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction
3. Are not changed or used up in the reaction
4. Enzymes are also:
specific — will only work on limited types of substrates
limited — by their saturation |
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Term
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Definition
figure 2.21
1. Substrates bind
at active site,
enzyme changes
shape to hold
substrates in
proper position
2. Internal
rearrangements
leading to
catalysis occur
3. Product is
released. Enzyme
returns to original
shape and is
available to catalyze
another reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
pH higher than 7.0
Low H+ concentration / High OH— concentration |
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Term
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Definition
Has an inverse relationship with H+ concentration
More H+ ions mean lower pH, less H+ ions mean higher pH |
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Term
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Definition
adds hydrogen ions to a solution
proton donor
strong acids dissociate completely
*weak help balance pH & do not dissociate |
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Term
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Definition
removes hydrogen ions from a solution
proton acceptor
strong bases dissociate completely in solution
*weak help balance pH & do not dissociate |
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Term
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Definition
the most abundant and important organic molecules
contain basic elements:
Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N)
built of 20 amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| An ion or molecule that binds to an enzyme before substrates can bind |
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Term
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Definition
| hold skin onto muscle; connective tissue anchors things in place (i.e. muscle) |
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Term
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Definition
all reactions occurring at one time in cells and tissues of organism
Function: provides energy to maintain homeostasis and perform essential functions |
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Term
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Definition
1. metabolic turnover lets your body grow, change, and adapt to new conditions and activities
2. your body recycles and renews all of its chemical components at intervals ranging from minutes to years
3. growth and cell division
4. special processes (i.e secretion, contraction, propagation of AP) |
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Term
3 Basic Cell Parts:
1. Plasma membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. Nucleus |
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Definition
1. flexible outer boundary; selectively permeable
2. intracellular fluid containing organelles
3. control center |
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Term
| Functions of Plasma membrane |
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Definition
1. Physical isolation - barrier
2. Regulates exchange with environment - Ions and nutrients enter, wastes eliminated and cellular products released
3. Monitors the environment - extracellular fluid composition, chemical signals
4. Structural support - anchors cells and tissues |
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Term
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Definition
1. Anchoring proteins (stabilizers)
Attach to inside or outside structures
2. Recognition proteins (identifiers)
Label cells as normal or abnormal
3. Enzymes
Catalyze reactions
4. Receptor proteins
Bind and respond to ligands (ions, hormones)
5. Carrier proteins
Transport specific solutes through membrane |
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Term
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Definition
Proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids
-Extend outside cell membrane
-Form sticky “sugar coat” (glycocalyx) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| impermeable junctions prevent molecules from passing through the intercellular space. |
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Term
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Definition
| anchoring junctions bind adjacent cells together and help form an internal tension-reducing network of fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Communicating junctions allow ions and small molecules to pass from one cell to the next for intercellular communication. |
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Term
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Definition
| determines what moves in and out of a cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
restricts movement;
Restricts materials based on;
Size
Electrical charge
Molecular shape
Lipid solubility |
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Term
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Definition
| the plasma cell membrane is a barrier but nutrients must get in and products/waste must get out |
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Term
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Definition
| transport through a plasma membrane that requires ATP energy against concentration gradient (i.e. ion pumps Na+) |
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Term
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Definition
| transport through a plasma membrane that does not require energy |
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Term
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Definition
high to low
*osmosis with water |
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Term
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Definition
| pumping of ions across membranes using ATP |
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Term
| Secondary active transport |
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Definition
| movement of polar or charged solutes across membranes using an ion gradient |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| instructions for every protein in the body sequence of bases (A, T, C, G) |
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