is an effort to overcome, or make up for, real or imagined inadequacies. 

ex. an individual may compensate for a deficiency in physial size by excelling in academics. 

is the process of transferring a feeling or emotion from the original idea or object to a stubstitute idea or object.  

ex. an individual is angry at the "boss," and cnnot express that anger. The feeling are displaced by critizing everyone else. 

Rechanneling or redirecting one's unacceptable impulses and drives into constructive activities. 

a conscious defense mechanism 

A mind-altering drug derived from the flowering top of hemp plants; also called marijuana.

This is classified as a controlled substance, Schedule I drug.

A disorder in which the individual represses anxiety experienced by emotional conflicts by converting the anxious feelings into physical symptoms that have no organic basis but are perceived to be real by the individual. The individual may experience symptoms such as paralysis, pain, loss of sensation, or some other form of dysfunction of the nervous system;

also called conversion hysteria.

A state of frenzied excitement or wild enthusiasm

The individual is easily distracted; Thinking is disorganized and speech is irrelevant, rambling, and sometimes incoherent. The individual is disoriented to time and place and has lost the ability to reason. 

Causes: medical conditions such as systemic infections, severe hypoglycemia, injury to the head, substance abuse, and withdrawal from certain substanced. 

Delirium Tremens

(DTs)

A progressive, organic mental disorder characterized by chronic personality disintegration, confusion, disorientation, stupor, deterioration of intellectual capacity and function, and impairment of control of memory, judgment, and impulses.

Onset is slow

Electroconvulsive Therapy

(ECT)

A chronic, abnormal concern about the health of the body, characterized by extreme anxiety, depression, and an unrealistic interpretation of real or imagined physical symptoms as indicators of a serious illness or disease despite rational medical evidence that no disorder is present.

A person affected by hyponchondriases is referred to as a hypochondriac.

A form of group psychoteraphy in which people act out their emotional problems through unrehearsed dramatizations;

also called role-playing therapy

Any of a large group of psychotic disorders characterized by gross distortion of reality, distrubances of language and communication, withdrawal from social interaction,and the disorganization and fragmentation of thought, perception, and emotional reaction. 

usually diagnosed in the 20s

Clinical symptoms: hallucinations, delusions, disorgniazed speech, disorganized or catatonic (unresponsive) behavior, flattened affect 

Axis I

DSM-IV-TR Multiaxial Classification System

Major Mental Disorders

Developmental Disorders and Learning Disabilities. 

Axis II

DSM-IV-TR Multiaxial Classification System

Personality Disorders

Mental Retardation

Axis III

DSM-IV-TR Multiaxial Classification System

Axis IV

DSM-IV-TR Multiaxial Classification System

Axis V

DSM-IV-TR Multiaxial Classification System

are characterized by short-term and long-term memory deficits. 

These individuals have normal attention but are unable to learn new information (short-term memory) and are unable to recall previously learned information (long-term memory)

These individuals have no personality change, no impairment in judgment, and no impairment in abstract thinking. 

Cause ex: head injury, cerebrovascular disease, poorly controled insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, substance abuse, reaction to medications, and exposure to toxins. 

A disorder in which the individual represses anxiety experienced by emotional conflicts by converting the anxious feelings into physical symptoms that have no orgnaic basis but are perceivd to be real by the individual.

The individual's lack of concern with the problem is often a clue to the physician that the problem may be psychological rather than physiological.  

Munchausen Syndrom

(by proxy)

A somewhat rare form of child abuse in which a parent of a child falsifies an illness in a child by fabricating or creating the symptoms and then seeks frequent medical attention for the child. 

is characterized by an extensive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and marked impulsivity that begins by early adulthood and is present in a variety of contexts. 

similar to changes due to general medical conditions and from chronic substance abuse. 

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

(ADHD)

is a condition of persistent inattention and hyperactivity, impulsivity, or both; formerly known as attention-deficit disorder (ADD). 

Antianxiety Agents

(Drug Therapy)

Antidepressants

(Drug Therapy)

regulate mood and reduce the symptoms of depression.

ex: Elavil, Prozac, and Nardil

Antipsychotic Agents

(Drug Therapy)

are major tranquilizers that work to block the receptors in teh brain responsible for psychotic behavior, including hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia. 

These agents lessen agitated havavior, reduce tension, decrease hallucinations and delusions, improve the individual's social behavior, and produce better sleep patters of the distrubed individual. 

ex: Clozaril, Zyprexa, Halidol, and Risperdol