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| a protest that took place at Saint Peter’s Fields in Manchester that was broken up by armed cavalry in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws. |
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| issued in 1819, these decrees required the 38 German member states to root out subversive idea in their universities and newspapers. |
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| a meeting of Russia, Prussia, Austria and Great Britain to fashion a peace settlement having defeated France. |
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| laws revised in 1815 that prohibited the importation of foreign grain trade unless the price at home rose to improbable levels. |
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| the leading scientists, engineers and industrialists (according to Count Henri de Saint-Simon the doers would plan the economy and guide it forward by undertaking public works projects and establishment investment banks). |
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| a term that historian Eric Hobsbawn used for the economic and political changes that tended to fuse, reinforcing each other. |
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| the result of four years of crop failure in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent of potatoes as a dietary staple. |
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| an alliance formed by Austria, Russia and Prussia in September of 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe. |
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| economic liberalism that believes in unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy. |
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| the principle ideas of which are equality and liberty, demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly and freedom from arbitrary arrest. |
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| the principle ideas of which are equality and liberty, demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly and freedom from arbitrary arrest. |
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| the court, the aristocracy, lawyers and church men (according to Count Henri de Saint-Simon the key to progress was social organization and this required parasites to give way to doers). |
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| movement that was revolting against classicism and the Enlightenment, it was characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life. |
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| a backlash against the emergence of individualism and fragmentation of society it was a move towards cooperation and a sense of community, the key ideas were panning, greater economic equality and state regulation of property. |
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| "Storm and Stress", German early Romantics of the 1770s and 1780s who lived lives of tremendous emotional intensity - suicides, duels, madness and strange illnesses were common. |
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| developed by English surgeon Joseph Lister, it was the idea that a chemical disinfectant applied to a wound dressing would destroy aerial bacteria. |
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| follower of the radical philosopher Jeremy Benthamite who taught that public problems should be dealt with on a rational, scientific basis and according to the "greatest good for the greatest number." |
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| Freud’s postulation that much of human behavior is motivated by unconscious emotional needs whose nature and origins are kept from conscious awareness by various mental devices. |
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| the idea, applied by thinkers in many fields, that stresses gradual change and continuous adjustment. |
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| the idea, contrary to miasmatic theory, that disease was spread through filth and not caused by it. |
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| period between 1750 and 1850 marked by a high number of illegitimate births - by the 1840s, as many as one birth in three was occurring outside of wedlock in many large cities. |
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| highly skilled workers who made up about 15% of the working classes at the turn of the 20th Century. |
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| highly skilled workers who made up about 15% of the working classes at the turn of the 20th Century. |
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| the belief that people contract disease when they breathe the bad odors of decay and putrefying excrement. |
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| the study of the compounds of carbon. |
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| process developed by Louis Pasteur that suppressed the activity of living organisms in a beverage by heating it. |
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| Auguste Compte’s discipline of sociology, which postulated that "each branch of our knowledge passes successively through three different theoretical conditions; the Theological, or ficticious; the Metaphysical, or abstract; and the Scientific, or positive." |
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| literary movement which stressed that literature should depict life exactly as it was. |
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| a rigid gender division of labor with the wife as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner. |
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| group of thinkers popular with the upper middle class who saw the human race as driven forward to ever-greater specialization and progress by the unending economic struggle which would determine "the survival of the fittest." |
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| a branch of physics built on Newton’s laws of mechanics that investigated the relationship between heat and mechanical energy. |
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