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| The science which deals with geographic patterns of species distribution and the processes that result in such patterns. |
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Study of similarities and differences in body plans of major groups of creatures.
– Animals as different as whales and bats have similar bones in forelimbs |
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Principles of Geology
-Subtle, repetitive processes of change had shaped the earth.
-Challenged the view that Earth was only 6,000 years old, to millions of years |
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Clergyman and economist
His essay argued that as population size increases, resources dwindle, and the struggle to survive intensifies conflict. |
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- Charles Darwin
- Supported theory of evolution by natural selection.
-Survival of the fittest |
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| The change in the frequency of traits in a population. |
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| Locally interbreeding groups |
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| The proportion of alleles in a sample of individuals. |
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| The overall change in allele frequency in a population. |
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Allele frequencies
shift in one direction |
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A difference in the survival and
reproductive success of different
phenotypes |
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| Intermediate forms are favored and extremes are eliminated. |
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| Forms at both ends of the range of variation are favored; Intermediate forms are selected against |
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| Favoring of secondary sexual characteristics, and leads to increased sexual dimorphism. |
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| Random change in allele frequencies brought about by chance; effect is more pronounced in smaller populations. |
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| The fewer times an event occurs, the greater the variance in the outcome. |
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| A severe reduction in population size; usually causes pronounced drift by altering allele frequencies and ratios due to the new reduced numbers. |
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Effect of drift when a small number of individuals start a new population.
By chance, allele frequencies of founders may not be the same as those in original population, therefore highlighting those differences. |
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| Nonrandom mating between related individuals. Leads to increased homozygosity, and can lower fitness when deleterious recessive alleles are expressed. |
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| Result in the migration of individuals and movements of gametes between populations. |
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