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Definition
| organisms that must acquire nutrients in the form of organic material from their environment |
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plant eaters
Example: Cattle, gorillas, etc. |
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meat eaters
Example: Sharks, lions, etc. |
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Definition
plant & meat eaters
example:Crows, bears, etc. |
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Definition
Chemical break-down of food by digestive enzymes
~Breaks down food into smaller molecules for reassembly as required by the body |
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Definition
| physical processes such as chewing |
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Definition
| teeth are identical in shape; used for grasping and swallowing prey whole |
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| fish, amphibians, reptiles |
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Definition
| Examples of Homodont Dentition |
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Definition
| teeth are different in shape; used for tearing and chewing, breaking food down into smaller pieces |
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Definition
| Example of Heterodont Dentition |
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Term
1. Ingestion
2. Digestion
3. Absorption
4. Elimination |
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Definition
| What are the 4 Stages of Food Processing? |
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Term
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Definition
| Act of eating (Nutrients are taken INTO the body) |
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Definition
breakdown of food into small nutrient molecules (subunits)
---> Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins |
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Term
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Definition
uptake of small nutrient molecules by the lining of the digestive tract
(Nutrients are carried throughout the body) |
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Definition
disposal of undigested materials left over from ingestion
(What the body can’t or won’t absorb will be lost to waste) |
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Term
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Definition
intracellular organelle filled with digestive enzymes that functions to break down food (stomach)
Example: Amoeba |
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Term
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Definition
compartment with a single opening that functions as both entrance for food and exit for waste
Example: Hydra |
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Term
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Definition
tube with 2 separate openings extending between a mouth and an anus
Example: invertebrates, vertebrates |
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Definition
| opening where food is introduced and broken down mechanically (teeth) or chemically (digestive enzymes) |
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Definition
| secretion that protects the lining of the mouth from abrasion and lubricates food for easy swallowing |
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Definition
| muscle that tastes food, mani-pulates it during chewing, and shapes it into a ball (bolus) |
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Definition
| junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea |
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Definition
| muscular tube that con-ducts food from the mouth to the stomach by peristalsis |
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Definition
| rhythmic waves of contraction by involuntary smooth muscles found in the wall of the digestive tract |
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Definition
| stores food while continuing the process of digestion |
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Term
1.) Delays activation of enzymes until in lumen of stomach
2.) Secretes a mucus coating from stomach- lining cells
3.)Constantly regenerates stomach-lining cells by
mitosis |
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Definition
| 3 Ways the Stomach prevents self-digestion: |
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Term
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Definition
site of enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules and absorption of nutrients into the blood
**Longest section of the digestive tract (6m)** |
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Term
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Definition
| organ located between the stomach and the small intestine that produces hydrolytic enzymes for digestion and bicarbonate which buffers stomach acid |
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Definition
| organ located below the diaphragm and above the digestive system that produces bile salts that act as detergents to aid in digestion and fat absorption |
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Definition
primary site of water absorption and fecal formation
(Along with the small intestine, reabsorbs approximately 90% of ingested water in the digestive tract) |
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Definition
| endpoint of the colon where feces can be stored until eliminated |
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Definition
| valves located between the rectum and the anus – one voluntary and the other involuntary |
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Definition
materials that must be obtained in preassembled form – body cannot manufacture them
Example: asorbic acid (orange juice) – required for metabolic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| people require 20 amino acids to make proteins – 12 of which can be made from the diet while the other 8 must be obtained preassembled |
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Term
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Definition
organic molecules required in small amounts, preventing deficiencies that may result in severe problems
~13 essential vitamins for humans
~A balanced diet prevents deficiencies |
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Term
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Definition
| inorganic molecules required in small amounts, preventing deficiencies that may result in severe problems |
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Definition
| bone construction, maintenance |
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Definition
| component in cellular respiration and hemoglobin in blood |
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Definition
| thyroid hormones for metabolism |
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Definition
| nerve functioning, maintaining osmotic balance in cells |
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Definition
people require certain fatty acids to construct cell membranes
~Plant products are the best sources |
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Term
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Definition
| situation in which stores of glycogen and fat are depleted and the body begins breaking down proteins for metabolism |
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Term
1.) Muscles decrease in size
2.) Brain becomes protein deficient
3.) Death will eventually result |
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Definition
| 3 Results of Under-nutrition: |
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Term
1.) starvation
2.) anorexia |
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Definition
| 2 Causes of Under-nutrition: |
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Term
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Definition
situation in which there is a deficiency of one or more of the essential nutrients
~Protein deficiency is the #1 problem in the world |
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Term
1.) inadequate intake
2.) metabolic or digestive abnormalities |
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Definition
| 2 Causes of Malnutrition: |
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Term
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Definition
body hoards fat, storing it in-stead of using it for fuel, producing an inappropriately high weight to height ratio
~Results in diabetes, colon/breast cancer, cardiovascular disease |
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Term
1.) diet
2.) sedentary lifestyle
3.) genetics |
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Definition
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Definition
| allows for more eating at one time – in between time may be lengthy |
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Term
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Definition
| provides more surface area, allowing for more absorption of hard to digest plant material |
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Term
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Definition
living within the intestines of herbivores release digestive enzymes to assist them in breaking down cellulose
~in turn have a safe place to live and receive all the nutrients they need |
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