consists three forms

Solid, Liquid, or Gas

Form of matter made up of elements

a substance that cannot be broken down or converted into other substances by ordidary chemical reacton

92 natually occuring element and over a dozen of man-made elements. 96% of living matter composed by four elements: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen. The remaining is 4% is made of elements:calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium. Trace elements:copper, iron,and zinc

smallest unit or particles having same chemical and physical properties of an element

each element made up of ____

1.Nucleus-is the center of atom and it contains two subatomic particles

• Protons- are postively charge and they have heavy mass
• Neutrons-are no charge or are neutral and they have heavy mass

2. Orbitals and enery levels-they contain one type of subatomic particle

• electrons-are negatively charge particle and they have very light mass

The number of protons in nucleus Equal the number of electrons in orbital and energy level

the number of protons in the nucleus

(Each element has a specific atomic number and no two elements have the same atomic number)

the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in nucleus

(The atomic number of an atom never change, but the mass number may change)

Atoms of an element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

(Isotope of element have same chemical properties, but vary in their physical properties)

Orbital

the pathway an electrons follows as it moves around nucleus

Each orbital may contain maximum of two electrons

the energy level closest to the nucleus has the lowest amount of enegy

It contain maximum of two electron and one orbital

Contain the maximum of eight electrons and four orbitals

The electrons of this energy level have the same energy but differrent space.

the maximum number of electron can increase but an atom is stable when it contains eight electrons in it outermost energy level.

As the enerygy levels are farther from the nucleus, the amoun of the energy increase and the amount of the electrons they can hold increase.

the electrons in the outermost of the energy level of an atom determine chemical properties of an atom

it funtions in the information of chemical bonds between atoms

Four major types

1. Covalent bonds
2. Polar covalent bonds
3. Ionic bonds
4. Hydrogen bonds

they are fairly strong bonds. They are formed when the electrons unequally shared between atoms

The electrons spend more time in the outermost energy level of one atom more than they do in the outermost energy level of other atom

The result is the formation of a polar molecule

the atom that lost the electrons become postitively charged

The atoms held together by the opposite charges

they are the weakest bonds. they formed between polar molecule.

the slightly positively charged atom of one polar molecule is attracted to the slightly negatively charged atom of another polar molecule.

The slightly positive charged atom is always hydrogen

the slightly negative charged atom is oxygen and nitrogen

involve making, breaking, and rearranged chemical bonds to form new substance.

They indicated by writing chemical equations. On the left side of the equation are the starting substances or reactants. On the right side of the equation are the ending substances or products. An arrow is used to indicate the direction

 there are three major types: synthesis reaction, decoposition reaction and exchange or displacement reactions

atoms or small molecule combine to form larger more complex molecule and energy is stored

they are involved in the specific type of metabolism known as anabolism. In reference to energy synthesis reaction are endergonic.

decomposition reactions

larger complex molecule are broken down to smaller simpler molecule and energy is realeased

the type of metabolism involved is known as catabolism.In inference to energy the reactions are exergonic.

two or more molecules are broken down and recombine to form two or more different molecules

AB+CD------> AC+BD

Most reactions in human body are _________

Inorganic molecules and compounds

are small simple substances usually held together with ionic bonds and they usually do not contain element carbon

Ex water, acids, bases, buffers, and salts

60 to 80% of human body is ____. It is essential to life and has several properties that are important to life

1. Sovent
2. High specific heat
3. High heat of vaporization
4. Reactivity
5. Cushioning

High specific heat

the amount of heat energy needed to raise temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1 degree centigrate.

Heat energy cause molecule move more rapidly

Acid

Base

it dissociate in water to form hydrogen ion (H+) and anion

It dissociate in water to form hydroxyl ion (OH-) and cation

concentration of hydrogen ion and hydroxyl ion is measured by pH. The pH scale ranges from 0-14 and islogarithmic to the base 10

The pH of 7 is neutral. The hydrogen ion (H+) and hydroxyl ion (OH-) concentration are equal.

The pH below 7 is an acid with the strongest acid having in pH near 0. The concetration of an acid change by a factor of 10 with each decrease in pH number.

The pH above 7 is a base or alkaline. The concentration of a base change by a factor of 1/10 with each increase in pH number

It is formed when anion of an acid combine with the cation of the base.

The H+from the acid combine with the OH-from the base to form water H20

Acid, base, and salt dissolved or dissociates in water, Ions are formed

large complex molecule and held together by covalent bonds, they always contain element carbon

ex, carbohydrates, lipids, nutrient, proteins, nuclei acid

Carbon atoms may form long chain and bonded to the carbon atoms are hydrogen atoms, this structure referred to as _________

In living organism, it fold to form ring structure

Carbon contain 4 electrons in it outermost energy level and can share electrons with four other atoms such as hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen(N), other carbon(C)

when organic compound are formed, bonding of molecule occurs between_____________ such as

Hydroxyl group -OH

Carbonxyle group- COOH

Phosphate group- PO4

Amino group- NH2

provide short term and long term energy storage and are composed of C, H, and O

There are three classes

1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides

Monosaccharide

"simple sugar"

they composed of C,H, and O in a ratio of 1C:2H:1O

Substances that have same fomula but different arrangement of atom called isomers

The most abundant of 6 carbons monosaccharide in the human body are called glucose. The two important 5 carbons monosacharides are called deoxyribose( found in DNA) and ribose( found in RNA)

"double sugar"

are two monosacharide joined together by covanlent bond.

Common disaccharide are

sucrose(table sugar)---glucose+fructose

maltose(malt sugar)---glucose+glucose

lactose(milk sugar)---glucose+galactose

 when water added to it, it broken down into two monosaccharide is called hydrolysis

During the bonding ,The H from one monosaccharide bond with the OH from the second monosaccharide to form water molecule. The water molecule is released and the two monosaccharides bond where H and OH were.

"many sugar"

are long chain of a few hundred to a few thounsand monosaccharide linked together by dehydration sythesis

they provide long term energy storage and some are structural support.

animal starch

its structure is similar to starch but it is more exensively branched. It is stored in the liver and broken down to glucose molecule. Glucose molecule are released into blood and transport to cell and tissue where it is used to produced energy.

-It functions in long term energy storage and some form major part are plasma membrane which surround the cells, some are hormone, and some protect, support and insulate organs ans tissue.

-They composed in C,H,O.They have less oxygen in proportion to carbon and hydrog than they found in carbohydrates

 There are three groups: Neutral fats, Phospholipid, Steroids

they composed of glycerol and fatty acids. The glycerol molecules consist a chain of three carbon atoms. Bonded to each C atom along the same side is hydroxyle group(OH).The remaining bond of the C atom are filled with H atoms

Fatty acids are long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group (COOH) at the end

There are two forms of fatty acids: saturated fatty acid, and unsaturated fatty acid

they contain one or more double covalent bond between Carbon (C) atom and the second bond take up the place of H atom. They are plants oil such as vegetable oil, corn oil, peanut oil and olive oil. and are usually liquid at room temperature

are important component of plasma membrane of cells. Their structure is similar to neutral fat except one of the fatty acid is replaced by phosphate group (PO4) which is negatively charged. Attached to phosphate group there is usually a molecule which contain nitrogen (N)

they contain two regions

Polar head:consist of glycerol molecule and the phosphate group. It is hydrophilic " water loving" the orients itself toward water

Non polar tail: consist of two fatty acids and is hydrophobic"water fearing" the orient away from water

protein made up of structural unit called___

composed of a carbon atom covalent bonded to four different atoms 1. hydrogen atom2.two functional group:amino and carboxyl 3. R or varible group.

The chemical and physical properties of R or varible group determine characteristic of ____. there are 20 _____and they only differ in R group

There are four levels structure

1. Primary structure
2. Secondary structure
3. Tertiary structure
4. Quaternary structure

a chain of amino acids twists, coils, or fold and the structure is held together by hyrogen bonds between peptide bond.It found in fibrous proteins.

There are two type

Alpha helix- a chain of amino acid twist coiled and the tructure is held toghether by hydrogen bond between every fourth peptide bone

Beta pleated sheet- a chain of amino acid fold back and fouth in a zig zag pattern forming parallel row

secondary structure twist and coil, or fold to form a ball shape mass that called globular protein. The structure is held together by hydrogen, covalent, ionic bonds between the R group

Most protein in the human body is globular protein

There are seven major funtions of protein

Structural support: keratin, collagen, elastin

Storage:Albumin

Transport of other substance: Hemoglobin

Coordination of bodily activity:hormone

Movement: actin and myosine

Defense:antibodies

Aid in chemical reation: Enzyme

are protein that act as biological catalysts and speed up to rate of chemical reaction without being changed by the reaction and used up in the reaction.

Example: sucrase, lipase, and hydrolase

Before the reaction can occur, enery must be absorbed by the reactant in order to break chemical bonds. The energy refer as ______

Enzyme funtion in lowering energy of activation

Substance on which the enzyme act known as _____

The substrate bond to a specific region on the enzyme known as active site

-Some enzyme require helper molecule

-aid in bonding a with substrate

there are two type

Inoranic molecule and are usually metal ion

Organin molecule specifically called coenzymes

organic molecule specifically called ___

There are usually B complex vitamine or their derivertive

largest and most complex organic molecule. It composed of C, H,O, N and phosphorus P.

The structure unit of it is nucleotide

consist three parts

1. Five-carbon and pentose sugar
2. Phosphate group
3. Nitrogenous base

There are two groups of nitrogenous base

Purine- large double ring structure

Pyrimidine :small single ring structure

There are two major type of nucleic acid

Deoxyribonucleic acid( DNA)

Ribsonucleic acid (RNA)

Deoxyribonucleic acid

(DNA)

it found in the chromosomes in the nucleus of cells.It contain all the instructions for making  all the protein needed by a cell and for regulating all cell's activities and processes

The nucleotide of DNA consist

Deoxyribose sugar

Phosphate group

One of the four nitrogenous base

DNA consist od two chains of nucleotide twisted and coiled  around each other to form double helix.

Ribonuclei acid

(RNA)

it is formed from DNA in the nucleus and leave the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm.

There are three type messenger RNA(mRNA)transfer RNA (tRNA) ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

The nucleotide of RNA consist

Ribose sugar, phosphate group, and one of the four nitrogeneous bases

RNA consist a single strand of nucleotides which may fold back on itself and form loops

Adenosine triphosphate

ATP

Consists of a single nucleotide similar to those found in DNA and RNA. It is composed of ribose sugar, adenine, and a chain of three phosphate group

is the major energy source for a cell and its activities and processes