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Definition
| Traditional American Family in which a male and female partners and their children live as an independent unit, sharing roles, responsibilities, and economic resources. |
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| Nuclear families that have other relatives living in the same household. |
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| consisting of grandparents, children, and grandchildren. |
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| Are those in which children live independently in foster or kinship care such as living with a grandparent. |
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| biologic or adoptive parents |
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| those formed as a result of divorce and remarriage, consist of unrelated family members who join to create a new household. |
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| Cohabitating-parent families |
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Definition
| Are those in which children live with two unmarried biological parents or two adoptive parents |
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| comprise an unmarried biological or adoptive parent who may or may not be living with other adults |
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| (lesbian and gay) may live together with or without children. |
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Term
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Definition
| The family is viewed as a unit, and interactions among family members are studied rather than studying individuals. A family system is part of a larger suprasystem and is composed of many subsystems. The family as a whole is greater than the sum of its individual members. A change in one family member affects all family members. The family is able to create a balance between change and stability. Family members’ behaviors are best understood from a view of circular rather than linear causality. |
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Term
Family Life Cycle
(Developmental) Theory |
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Definition
| Families move through stages. The family life cycle is the context in which to examine the identity and development of the individual. Relationships among family members go through transitions. Although families have roles and functions, a family’s main value is in relationships that are irreplaceable. The family involves different structures and cultures organized in various ways. Developmental stresses may disrupt the life-cycle process. |
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Term
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Definition
| How families react to stressful events is the focus. Family stress can be studied within the internal and external contexts in which the family is living. The internal context involves elements that a family can change or control, such as family structure, psychologic defenses, and philosophic values and beliefs. The external context consists of the time and place in which a particular family finds itself and over which the family has no control, such as the culture of the larger society, the time in history, the economic state of society, maturity of the individuals involved, success of the family in coping with stressors, and genetic inheritance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Strength-based approach in clinical practice with families, as opposed to a deficit approach, is the focus. Identification of family strengths and resources; provision of feedback about strengths; assistance given to family to develop and elicit strengths and use resources are key interventions. |
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Definition
| The goal of the model is to reduce cultural and environmental barriers that interfere with access to health care. Key elements of the Health Belief Model include the following: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and confidence |
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Term
Human Developmental
Ecology |
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Definition
| Behavior is a function of interaction of traits and abilities with the environment. Major concepts include ecosystem, niches (social roles), adaptive range, and ontogenetic development. Individuals are “embedded in a microsystem [role and relations], a mesosystem [interrelations between two or more settings], an exosystem [external settings that do not include the person], and a macrosystem [culture]” (Klein and White, 1996). Change over time is incorporated in the chronosystem. |
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| Calgary Family Assessment Model (CFAM) is comprised of what three major categories? |
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Definition
| Structural, Developmental, and Functional |
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Definition
| Culture of an individual is influenced by religion, environment, and historic events and plays a powerful role in the individual’s behavior and patterns of human interaction. |
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refers to the changes that occur within one group or among several groups when people from different cultures come into contact with one another.
People may retain some of their own culture while adopting some cultural practices of the dominant society. This familiarization among cultural groups results in overt behavioral similarity, especially in mannerisms, styles, and practices. Dress, language patterns, food choices, and health practices are often much slower to adapt to the influence of acculturation. In the United States, acculturation generally is thought to take three generations.
An adult grandchild of an immigrant is usually fully
Americanized. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a cultural group loses its cultural identity and becomes part of the dominant culture. Assimilation is the process by which groups “melt” into the mainstream, thus accounting for the notion of a “melting pot,” a phenomenon that has been said to occur in the United States. This is illustrated by individuals who identify themselves as being of Irish or German descent without having any remaining cultural practices or values linked specifically to that culture such as food preparation techniques, style of dress, or proficiency in the language associated with their reported cultural heritage. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the view that one’s own way of doing things is best |
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Definition
is the opposite of ethnocentrism. It refers to learning about and applying the standards of another's culture to activities within that culture.
Cultural relativism affirms the uniqueness and value of every culture. |
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Definition
(1) understanding the individual’s language, including subtle variations in meaning and distinctive dialects; (2) appreciating individual differences in interpersonal style; and (3) accurately interpreting the volume of speech as well as the meanings of touch and gestures.
For example, members of some cultural groups tend to speak more loudly when they are excited, with great emotion and with vigorous and animated gestures; this is true whether their excitement is related to positive or negative events or emotions. It is important, therefore, for the nurse to avoid rushing to judgment regarding a person’s intent when the patient is speaking, especially in a language not understood by the nurse. Instead, the nurse should withhold an interpretation of what has been expressed until it is possible to clarify the patient’s intent. The nurse needs to enlist the assistance of a person who can help verify with the patient the true intent and meaning of the communication ( |
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Term
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Definition
Cultural competence involves acknowledging, respecting, and appreciating ethnic, cultural, and linguistic diversity.
Other names: multiculturalism, cultural sensitivity, and intercultural effectiveness.
Key components of culturally competent care include:
• Recognizing that disparity exists between one’s own culture and that of the patient
• Educating and promoting healthy behaviors in a cultural context that has meaning for patients
• Taking abstract knowledge about other cultures and applying it in a practical way so that the quality of service improves and policies are enacted that meet the needs of all patients
• Communicating respectfulness for a wide range of differences, including patient use of nontraditional healing practices and alternative therapies
• Recognizing the importance of culturally different communication styles, problem-solving techniques, concepts of space and time, and desires to be involved with care decisions
• Anticipating the need to address varying degrees of language ability and literacy, as well as barriers to care and compliance with treatment |
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Term
| Public health issues that are relevant to maternal-newborn health: |
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Definition
| lack of health insurance; recent economic challenges that include job loss; teen pregnancy; substance abuse; and the consequences of no or inadequate prenatal care. |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary prevention involves promoting healthy lifestyles through immunizations, encouraging exercise, and healthy nutrition. |
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Term
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Definition
| Secondary prevention involves targeting populations at risk for certain diseases. For example, women are encouraged to have mammograms; men are encouraged to have prostate screening. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tertiary prevention focuses on rehabilitation of an individual to health as optimal as is possible in the presence of a disease or injury. For example, a person who has experienced a stroke has an optimal expectation of being able to function at his or her fullest potential. |
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| Community health assessment |
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Definition
| data are collected, analyzed, and used to educate and mobilize communities, develop priorities, garner resources, and plan actions to improve public health. Many models and frameworks of community assessment are available, but the actual process often depends on the extent and nature of the assessment to be performed, the time and resources available, and the way the information is to be used |
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Term
| The most critical community indicators of perinatal health |
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Definition
| relate to access to care; maternal mortality; infant mortality; low birth weight; first-trimester prenatal care; and rates for mammography, Papanicolaou smears, and other similar screening tests. Nurses can use these indicators as a reflection of access, quality, and continuity of health care in a community. |
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Term
| When considering a referral to home care, these factors are evaluated: |
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Definition
• Health status of mother and fetus or infant: Is the condition serious enough to warrant home care, and is it stable enough for intermittent observation to be sufficient?
• Availability of professionals to provide the needed services within the woman’s community.
• Family resources, including psychosocial, social, and economic resources: Will the family be able to provide care between nursing visits? Are relationships supportive? Is thirdparty reimbursement available, or can it be negotiated with the insurer? Could a voluntary or tax-supported community agency provide needed care without payment?
• Cost-effectiveness: Is it more reasonable for the woman to receive these services at home or to go to a local outpatient facility to receive them? |
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