Term
Lymphatic and Immune System
A. Functions: |
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Definition
1. Drain interstitial fluid
- this fluid is called Lymph after entering Lymphatic vessels.
2. Transport dietary lipids from the GI Tract (via Lacteals).
3. Facilitate the immune response, the body's specific defense mechanism. |
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Term
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Definition
- These vessels drain interstitial spaces. Lymph capillaries merge to form larger vessels. These vessels become progressively larger as they return lymph towards the heart. Lymph vessel have valves to facilitate lymph return.
- The lower body and left upper torso drains into the left Brachiocephalic Vein. The right upper torso and head drains into the right Brachiocephalic Vein. |
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Term
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Definition
- approx. 600 throughout the body that lie along lymphatic vessels
- are small encapsulated structures made of connective tissue, lymphocytes, fibroblasts and macrophages
- lymph travels in one direction through these structures
- these are most concentrated in the inguinal, axilla and cervical regions
- macrophages phagocytize foreign particles that are carried into the lymph nodes
- an area where lymphocytes proliferate |
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Term
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Definition
- located in the mediastinum
- aids in the maturation of T-lymphocytes
- begins to atrophy after birth |
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Term
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Definition
- located in the mediastinum
- aids in the maturation of T-lymphocytes
- begins to atrophy after birth |
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Term
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Definition
- located in LUQ
- consists of two types of tissue:
(1) White pulp
- contains lymphatic tissue
(2) Red pulp
- stores various cells, site of RBC destruction |
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Term
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Definition
- located in LUQ
- consists of two types of tissue:
(1) White pulp
- contains lymphatic tissue
(2) Red pulp
- stores various cells, site of RBC destruction |
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Term
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Definition
| - contains lymphatic tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| - stores various cells, site of RBC destruction |
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Term
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Definition
| - non-encapsulated, ex. Tonsil's, Peyer's Patches |
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Term
| Innate (Nonspecific) immunity |
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Definition
| - Mechanisms that provide immediate, but general protection from a wide range of pathogens. These are present at birth. |
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Term
| Types of Nonspecific Resistance: |
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Definition
1. Intact skin and mucous membranes (secrete mucous)
2. Saliva
3. Hairs, Cilia
4. Lacrimal apparatus
5. Sebum
6. Vaginal secretions
7. Lysozyme
8. Perspiration
8. Gastric juice
9. Urine flow
10. Interferon (IFN)
11. Phagocytosis
12. Natural Killer (NK) Cells
13. Inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| - An antibacterial enzyme that is present in many body secretions. |
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Term
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Definition
| - antimicrobial proteins produced by certain cells in response to viral infection |
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Term
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Definition
| - ingestion of microbes and other particles by phagocytes |
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Term
| Natural Killer (NK) Cells |
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Definition
| - a circulating lymphocyte that has the ability to kill a wide range of pathogens and tumor cells, these cells release proteins into "foreign" cells to produce cytolysis |
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Term
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Definition
- The body's response to tissue damage.
- Characteristic signs and symptoms = redness, pain, heat, swelling (possible loss of function) |
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Term
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Definition
a. Vasodilation and increased vessel permeability.
b. Phagocytes are mobilized, then guided to inflammation site.
c. Tissue repair. |
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Term
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Definition
| - An abnormally high body temperature. The body's thermostat is located in the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus resets the thermostat in response to certain pathogens. This intensifies the body's antimicrobial activity. |
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Term
| Adaptive (Specific) immunity |
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Definition
- The ability of the body to defend itself against specific invading agents.
- The activation of lymphocytes in response to an antigen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Substances that evoke an immune response. These are usually a protein or glycoprotein. |
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Term
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Definition
Antigenic determinant
- The specific portion of an antigen that triggers the immune response. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small molecule that has to attach to a carrier protein before it can induce an immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of certain cells (B and T lymphocytes) to carry out an immune response. |
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Term
| Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) |
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Definition
| - The genes that code for cell surface molecules. For cell recognition, i.e. MHC antigens. |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of small protein based hormones that signal various cell functions (Interleukin - cytokines used to send signals to leukocytes). |
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Term
| Secondary (Anamnestic) Response - |
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Definition
| An increased immune response to subsequent exposure of a specific antigen, involves Memory Cells. |
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Term
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Definition
- involve T-lymphocytes
- produces a cellular response to a specific antigen |
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Term
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Definition
- stimulates T Cell, B Cell and Natural Killer Cell activity
- CD4 Cell refers to the specific receptor molecules that are mostly found on T Helper Cells |
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Term
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Definition
- attach to infected cells producing lysis
- also known as CD8 Cells |
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Term
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Definition
| - inhibits T cell activity |
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Term
| Antibody Mediated (Humoral) Immunity |
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Definition
- involves B-lymphocytes
- produces antibodies (chemical substances) that act against antigens
- G,M,A,D,E
a. Antibody Structure (Monomer):
- Antibody (Ab) = Immunoglobulin |
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Term
| Antibody Structure (Monomer): |
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Definition
| - Antibody (Ab) = Immunoglobulin |
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Term
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Definition
(1) Neutralization
- antibody binds to the epitope, which covers (neutralizes) that region of the antigen, this action will immobilize certain cells
(2) Agglutination
- Ag binding to Ag creates large "clumps",
i.e. Antigen-Antibody complexes
(3) Precipitation
- the Ag-Ab complexes fall out of solution, this facilitates their phagocytosis
(4) Opsonization
- antibodies will attach to certain cells, this also facilitates phagocytosis
(5) Activation of the Complement System |
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Term
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Definition
(1) Neutralization
- antibody binds to the epitope, which covers (neutralizes) that region of the antigen, this action will immobilize certain cells |
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Term
Mechanisms of Action:
(2) Agglutination |
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Definition
- Ag binding to Ag creates large "clumps",
i.e. Antigen-Antibody complexes |
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Term
Mechanisms of Action:
(3) Precipitation |
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Definition
| - the Ag-Ab complexes fall out of solution, this facilitates their phagocytosis |
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Term
Mechanisms of Action:
(4) Opsonization |
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Definition
| - antibodies will attach to certain cells, this also facilitates phagocytosis |
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Term
Mechanisms of Action:
(5) Activation of the Complement System |
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Definition
| Note: The Complement System consists of more than 30 different proteins. This system is activated by Ag-Ab complexes or certain surface molecules that are located in the plasma membrane of microbes. The key method that our body uses to destroy these invaders is to cause Cytolysis (accomplished by inserting Membrane Attack Complexes into the cell membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
= Hypersensitivity Reaction
- an excessive immune response to an allergen (antigen)
Initial exposure to an allergen ---> sensitization to allergen ---> subsequent exposure ---> reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| the most common type (ex. bee stings) which results in vasodilation, capillary permeability, constriction of airways and increased mucous secretion |
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Term
| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) |
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Definition
- caused by the virus HIV-1 (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), an RNA virus
- the active virus contains the enzyme Reverse Transcriptase which converts ssRNA into dsDNA
- dsDNA becomes incorporated into the hosts genome, which can then be replicated by the host
- transmitted through body fluids, i.e. blood, semen
- mortality usually occurs within 2 to 10 years of initial infection |
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Term
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
- Signs & Symptoms = |
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Definition
| enlarged lymph nodes, fatigue, weight loss, night sweats, skin lesions, diarrhea |
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Term
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
- Diagnostic criteria = |
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Definition
CD4 cells drop below 200 cell/cc
- death results from secondary infections like Pneumocystis Pneumonia, and Kaposi Sarcoma |
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Term
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
- Treatments: |
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Definition
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, ex. Zidovudine (AZT)
Protease Inhibitors - inhibits the formation of capsid proteins |
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