Term
| What is the major function of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
| To supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide. |
|
|
Term
| Four processes of respiration |
|
Definition
| Pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport, internal respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moving air into and out of the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gas exchange between the lungs and the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gas exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues |
|
|
Term
| What are the two zones of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
| Conducting and respiratory zones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conduits for air to reach the sites of gas exchange. Includes nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Site of gas exchange, consists of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diaphrgam and other muscles that promote ventilation. Controlled by Phrenic nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Providing an air way for respiration. Moistening and warming the air. Filtering inspired air and cleaning it of foregin matter |
|
|
Term
| The external nose is composed of what? |
|
Definition
| Root, bridge, dorsum nasi, apex, nares, alea cartilages (See slide 7) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a shallow vertical groove inferior to the apex (See slide 7) |
|
|
Term
| What are the external nares? |
|
Definition
| External nostrils (see slide 7) |
|
|
Term
| What are teh external nostrils bound by? |
|
Definition
| The alae cartilage (See slide 7) |
|
|
Term
| Where does the nasal cavity lie? |
|
Definition
| In and posterior to the external nose |
|
|
Term
| WHat is the nasal cavity divided by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the nasal cavity open posteriorly into? |
|
Definition
| The nasal pharynx via internal nares |
|
|
Term
| What forms the roof of the of the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
| Ethmoid and sphenoid bones |
|
|
Term
| What is the floor of the nasal cavity formed by? |
|
Definition
| The roof of hard and soft palate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Place of air entry into the body.. |
|
|
Term
| What is the nasal cavity lined with? |
|
Definition
| Sweat glands and sabaceous glands and vibrissae |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of sweat glands and sabaceous glands in the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
| Beginning moistening the air |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the vibrissae in the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
| Hairs that filter coarse particles from inspired air |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the respiratory mucosa? |
|
Definition
| Lines the balance of the nasal cavity. Mucous glands secrete mucus, serous glands secrete lysozyme and defensins |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of mucus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of lysozyme and defensins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is inspired air warmed and moistened within the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
| By high water content in the nasal cavity, warmed by capillaries |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of ciliated mucosal cells remove contaminated mucus? |
|
Definition
| remove contaminated mucus |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the conchae and nasal mucosa during inhalation? |
|
Definition
| Filter, heat, and moisten air |
|
|
Term
| WHat is the role of the conchae and nasal mucosa during exhalation? |
|
Definition
| Reclaim heat and moisture. Minimize heat and moisture loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a funnel shaped tube of skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| What does the pharynx connect to superiorly? |
|
Definition
| nasal cavity and mouth superiorly |
|
|
Term
| What does the pharynx connect to inferiorly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From where to where does the pharynx extend? |
|
Definition
| Base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra |
|
|
Term
| Where does teh oropharyx extend from? |
|
Definition
| inferiorly from the level of the soft palate to the epiglottis |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the oropharynx? |
|
Definition
| A common passageway for food and air |
|
|
Term
| Where do the palatine tonsils lie? |
|
Definition
| In the lateral wall of the fauces |
|
|
Term
| What are the three regions of the pharynx? |
|
Definition
| Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx |
|
|
Term
| Where are the lingual tonsils located? |
|
Definition
| Covers the base of the tongue |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the laryngopharynx? |
|
Definition
| Serves as a common passage way for food and air. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the nasopharynx located? |
|
Definition
| Lies posterior to the nasal cavity, superior to the level of the soft palate |
|
|
Term
| What passes through the nasopharynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the nasopharynx during swallowing? |
|
Definition
| Closes to prevent food from entering |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids? |
|
Definition
| traps and destroys pathogens |
|
|
Term
| Where does the laryngopharynx lie? |
|
Definition
| posterior to the upright epiglottis |
|
|
Term
| Where does the laryngopharynx extend to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what part of the pharynx do the respiratory and digestive pathways diverge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the larynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the larynx attach to? |
|
Definition
| The hyoid bone and opens into the laryngopharynx superiorly |
|
|
Term
| What is the larynx continuous with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the structures of the larynx do? |
|
Definition
| Keep trachea constantly open |
|
|
Term
| What are the three functions of the larynx? |
|
Definition
| To provide a patent (open) airway. To act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels. To function in voice production |
|
|
Term
| What are the singlets of the larynx? |
|
Definition
| Epiglottis, Thyroid Cartilage, Cricoid Cartilage |
|
|
Term
| Anatomy of the thyroid cartilage |
|
Definition
| Shield-shaped anterosuperior cartilage with a midline laryngeal prominence (adam's apple) |
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of the cricoid cartilage? |
|
Definition
| Signet ring-shaped anterioinferior cartilage |
|
|
Term
| What are the three cartilage pairs of the larynx? |
|
Definition
| Arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate |
|
|
Term
| What do the vocal ligaments attach? |
|
Definition
| The arytenoid cartilages to the thyroid cartilages |
|
|
Term
| What are the vocal ligaments composed of? |
|
Definition
| elastic fibers that form mucosal folds called true vocal cords |
|
|
Term
| What is the medial opening between the vocal ligaments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when the vocal ligaments vibrate? |
|
Definition
| Produce sound as air rushes up from the lungs |
|
|
Term
| Where are the false vocal cords? |
|
Definition
| Mucosal folds superior to the true vocal cords. |
|
|
Term
| What role do the false vocal cords have in sound production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the larynx closed? |
|
Definition
| During coughing, sneezing, and Valsalva's maneuver |
|
|
Term
| What is the Valsalva's Maneuver? |
|
Definition
| Air is temporarily held in the lower respiratory tract by closing the glottis. Causes intra-abdominal pressure to rise when abdominal muscles contract. Acts as a plint to stabilize the trunk when lifting heavy loads |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elastic cartilage that covers the laryngeal inlet during the swallowing. 9th set of cartilage in the larynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flexible and mobile tube extending from the larynx into the mediastinum to the conducting zone and the bronchi |
|
|
Term
| What are the three layers of the trachea? |
|
Definition
| Mucosa, Submucosa, Adventitia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made up of goblet cells and ciliated helium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue deep to the mucosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outermost layer made of C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage |
|
|
Term
| What marks the end of the trachea and the beginning of the bronchi? |
|
Definition
| Carina of the last tracheal cartilage |
|
|
Term
| How many primary bronchi are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many secondary bronchi are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of lung tissue? |
|
Definition
| Supportive and tissue for respiration |
|
|
Term
| What happens with the air reaches the bronchi? |
|
Definition
| warm and cleansed of impurities and saturated with water vapor |
|
|
Term
| How much branching do the air passages go under? |
|
Definition
| 23 orders. Makes up the Bronchial tree |
|
|
Term
| If bronchi are less than 1 mm are referred to as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lack cartilage support and mucus-producing cells |
|
|
Term
| How large are the terminal bronchioles? |
|
Definition
| Less than .5 mm in diameter |
|
|
Term
| What is the respiratory zone defined by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the respiratory zone begin? |
|
Definition
| begin at terminal bronchioles and feed into respiratory bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| What do the respiratory bronchioles lead to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the alveolar ducts lead to? |
|
Definition
| Terminal clusters of alveolar sacs composed of alveoli |
|
|
Term
| What does the respiratory zone consist of? |
|
Definition
| Approx 300 million alveoli. Account for most of the lung's volume. Provide tremendous surface area for gas exchange |
|
|
Term
| What is the respiratory membrane composed of? |
|
Definition
| Alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basal laminas. |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the alveolar walls? |
|
Definition
| Permit gas exchange by simple diffusion. |
|
|
Term
| What are the alveoli surrounded by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the roles of the open pores of the alveoli? |
|
Definition
| Connect adjacent alveoli and allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized |
|
|
Term
| What do the alveoli do to prevent rupturing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cells are scattered around the alveoli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the shape of the type II cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the Type II cells secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of surfactant in alveoli? |
|
Definition
| Coats the gas exposed surfaces which keeps them expansive and from drying out |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the root of the lungs? |
|
Definition
| Site of vascular and bronchial attachments |
|
|
Term
| What are the costal surfaces which come in contact with the ribs? |
|
Definition
| Anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces |
|
|
Term
| What is the apex of the lung? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the base of the lung? |
|
Definition
| Inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Indentation that contains pulmonary and systemic blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| Where is the root located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the lobes of the right lung? |
|
Definition
| Superior, Median, Inferior |
|
|
Term
| What are the lobes of the left lung? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cardiac notch? |
|
Definition
| cavity that accommodates the heart |
|
|
Term
| What seperates the lobes of the left lung? |
|
Definition
| Oblique fissure (groove, furrow) |
|
|
Term
| What are the lobes of the right lung separated by? |
|
Definition
| The oblique and horizontal fissures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Medial portion of the thoracic cavity |
|
|
Term
| What two circulations are the lungs perfused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the pulmonary arteries? |
|
Definition
| carry blood from the heart to be oxygenated. Branch profusely, along with bronchi. Ultimately feed into the pulmonary capillary network surrounding the alveoli |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the pulmonary veins? |
|
Definition
| carry oxygenated blood from respiratory zones to the heart |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the bronchial arteries? |
|
Definition
| provided systemic blood to the lung tissue. Arise from aorta and enters the lungs at the hilus. Suplly all lung tissue except the alveoli |
|
|
Term
| What happens with the bronchial and pulmonary veins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which carry more venous blood back to the heart, pulmonary or bronchial veins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thin, double-layered serosa |
|
|
Term
| What does the parietal pleura cover? |
|
Definition
| The thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm. Continues around the heart adn between the lungs |
|
|
Term
| What are the two pleura of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
| Parietal and Visceral/Pulmonary |
|
|
Term
| What does the visceral pleura cover? |
|
Definition
| The external lung surface, divides the thoracic cavity into three chambers |
|
|
Term
| What are the three cavities the visceral pleura divided the thoracic cavity into? |
|
Definition
| The central mediastinum and the two lateral compartments, each containing a lung |
|
|
Term
| What do the pleura produce? |
|
Definition
| Fluid which fills teh cavity between the lungs and the thoracic walls |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the pleural fluid? |
|
Definition
| Allows lungs to glide over thoracic walls during breathing |
|
|
Term
| What are the two phases of breathing/pulmonary ventilation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the two breathing phases requires ATP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is atmospheric pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when the negative respiratory pressure is less than atmospheric pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when positive respiratory pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is intrapulmonary pressure? |
|
Definition
| Pressure within the alveoli. Generally 760mmHg. Increases and decreases with change in thoracic architecture |
|
|
Term
| What is intrapleural pressure? |
|
Definition
| Pressure within the pleural cavity. Generally 756mmHg. Always less than pulmonary pressure |
|
|
Term
| What happens between intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure through out the phases of breathing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intrapulmonary pressure always eventually ___?____ itself with atmospheric pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intrapleural pressure is always ____?_____ than intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes lung collapse? |
|
Definition
| equalization of intrapleural pressure with the intrapulmonary pressure |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of transpulmonary pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is transpulmonary pressure? |
|
Definition
| difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure |
|
|
Term
| Pulmonary ventilation as a mechanical process |
|
Definition
| Depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity |
|
|
Term
| Change in _____ leads to ______ changes lead to ______ which lead to the flow of gases to ________ pressure |
|
Definition
| architecture, volume, pressure, equalize |
|
|
Term
| Active process of pulmonary ventilation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Passive process of pulmonary ventilation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inspiratory muscles contract (diaphragm descends, rib cages rises) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thoracic cavity volume increases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lungs stretched; intrapulmonary volume increases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intrapulmonary pressure drops by -1 mmHg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Air (gases) flow into the lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0 (Equal to atmospheric pressure) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| INspiratory muscles relax (diaphragm rises; rib cage decsends due to recoil of costal cartilages) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elastic lungs recoil passively; intrapulmonary volume decrease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intrapulmonary pressures rises by +1mmHg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AIr (gases) flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0 |
|
|
Term
| Approximately how much air do we take in? How long does it take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximately how much air do we expire? How long does it take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ease with which lungs can be expanded. Specifically, the measure of the change in lung volume that occurs with a given change in transpulmonary pressure |
|
|
Term
| What are the two factors that determine lung compliance? |
|
Definition
| Distensibility of the lung tissue and surrounding thoracic cage. Surface tension of the alveoli |
|
|
Term
| What are the factors that diminish lung compliance? |
|
Definition
| Scar tissue or fibrosis that reduces the natural resilience of the lungs. Blockage of the smaller respiratory passages with mucus or fluid. Reduced production of surfactant. Decreased flexibility of the thoracic cage or its decreased ability to expand. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath (approx 500 mL) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| air left (about 1200 mL) in the lungs after strenuous expiration |
|
|
Term
| What is inspiratory capacity? |
|
Definition
| total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration (standard exhalation, maximum forced inspiration) |
|
|
Term
| Functional residual capacity |
|
Definition
| amount of air remaining in the lungs after a tidal expiration (standard exhalation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How much air can be inspired/expired normally or forcibly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sum of all long volumes (approx 6000 ml in males) |
|
|
Term
| What is the anatomical dead space? |
|
Definition
| volume of the conducting respiratory passages (150 mL) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alveoli that cease to act in gas exchange due to collapse or obstruction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sum of alveolar and anatomical dad spaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an instrument consisting of a hollow bell inverted over water, used to evaluate respiratory function |
|
|
Term
| What can spiromtery distinguish between? |
|
Definition
| Obstructive pulmonary disease, restrictive disorders |
|
|
Term
| Obstructive pulmonary disease |
|
Definition
| increased airway resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduction in total lung capacity from structural or functional lung changes |
|
|
Term
| What is Total ventilation a measure of? |
|
Definition
| total amount of gas flow into or out of the respiratory tract in one minute |
|
|
Term
| What does forced vital capacity measure? |
|
Definition
| gas forcibly expelled after taking a deep breath |
|
|
Term
| What does forced expiratory volume measure? |
|
Definition
| the amount of gas expelled during specific time intervals of teh forced vital capacity |
|
|
Term
| What can the increases in total lung capacity, functional residual capacity, and residual volume indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reduction in vital capacity, total lung capacity, functional residual capacity, and residual volume can indicate what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two main elements of atmospheric gas? |
|
Definition
| oxygen - 21%, nitrogen 78% |
|
|
Term
| What is the composition of alveolar gas? |
|
Definition
| approx 88% nitrogen and oxygen, 12% carbon dioxide and water vapor |
|
|
Term
| What do the difference between the composition of alveolar gas and atmospheric gas result from? |
|
Definition
| Gas exchanges in the lungs - oxygen diffuses from the alveoli and CO2 diffuses into the alveoli. Humidification of air by conducting passages. The mixing of alveolar gas that occurs with each breath |
|
|
Term
| What are the factors that influence the movement of oxygen and CO2 across the respiratory membrane? |
|
Definition
| Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities. Matching of alveolar ventilation and pulmonary blood perfusion. Structural charactreristics of the respiratory membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| equal to the sums of all the partial pressures of all the gases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the percentage of the gas multiplied by the total air pressure |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between the partial pressure of O2 in the air, lungs, blood, and tissue? |
|
Definition
| pO2 air > pO2 lungs > pO2 blood > pO2 tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between the partial pressure of CO2 in the air, lungs, blood, and tissue? |
|
Definition
| pCO2 Air < pCO2 Lungs < pCO2 blood < pCO2 tissue |
|
|
Term
| What does the pressure gradient allow for in regards to blood speed? |
|
Definition
| Blood can move 3x as quickly and still be adequately oxygenated |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take for blood to be adequately oxygenated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is more soluble in plasma? O2 or CO2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of gas reaching the alveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the blood flow reaching the alveoli |
|
|
Term
| For efficient gas exchange ventilation and perfusion must be ________ _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do you breathe faster when active? |
|
Definition
| To move more CO2 out of the body |
|
|
Term
| What are the three ways CO2 is transported in the blood? |
|
Definition
| Dissolved in plasma, chemically bound to hemoglobin, bicarbonate ion in plasma |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of CO2 is dissolved in plasma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of CO2 is chemically bound to hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
| 20% in RBC's as carbaminohemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| How is carbaminohemoglobin transported? |
|
Definition
| Binds to the outside of hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of CO2 is carried as bicarbonate ion in plasma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CO2 (from tissue) diffuses into RBCs and combines with water to form what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What catalyzes the reaction between CO2 and H2O? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the bicarbonate ion formed from carbonic acid? |
|
Definition
| A hydrogen ion disassociates from H2CO3 |
|
|
Term
| How does bicarbonate ion revert back to CO2 when the RBC nears the lung? |
|
Definition
| A hydrogen ion is added to the bicarbonate ion forming H2CO3. Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reaction to form CO2 and H2O |
|
|
Term
| After bicarbonate ion is formed what does it associate with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the hydrogen ion after disassociating from carbonic acid? |
|
Definition
| Binds to hemoglobin when O2 is not present |
|
|
Term
| What happens as a result of the bicarbonate ion leaving the RBC and joining the plasma? |
|
Definition
| A Chloride ion moves into the RBC |
|
|
Term
| As the bicarbonate ion leaves the plasma and enters the red blood cell what leaves the RBC as a result? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Haldane effect? |
|
Definition
| Presence of O2 drives the removal of CO2 from tissue and the body |
|
|
Term
| Where is the inspiratory center located? |
|
Definition
| near the root of nerve IX (glossopharyngeal) |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the inspiratory center? |
|
Definition
| integrates information from stretch and chemo receptors and transfers to ventral respiratory group |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the ventral respiratory group? |
|
Definition
| Rhythm generating center. |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the pons center? |
|
Definition
| fine tunes inspirations and expirations transitions. continuously inihibits the inspiration center |
|
|
