Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Respiratory system functions |
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Definition
| Gas exchange (O2 and CO2), sound production, smell, coughing and sneezing (protective) |
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Term
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Definition
| Pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport of respiratory gases, internal respiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| Air moving in/out of lungs (ventilation = breathing) |
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Term
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Definition
| Gas exchange between air and blood in lungs at alveoli |
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Term
| Transport of respiratory gases |
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Definition
| O2 and CO2 are transported between lungs and body’s cells via our blood and circulatory system |
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Term
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Definition
| Gas exchange between blood and tissues at blood capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| Tissues use oxygen and glucose to produce ATP and carbon dioxide is formed as a waste product |
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Term
| Functional Anatomy of Respiratory System |
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Definition
| Mouth, Nose, Nasal Cavity, Paranasal Sinuses, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Lungs |
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Term
| Functional Anatomy of Respiratory System: Alveoli |
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Definition
| functional units of pulmonary system |
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Term
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Definition
| Mouth and nose are divided by palate (“roof” of mouth) |
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Term
| Oral Cavity: Anterior portion |
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Definition
| hard palate (bones are maxilla and palatine bones) |
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Term
| Oral Cavity: Posterior portion |
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Definition
| soft palate (muscles and glands) |
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Term
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Definition
| Provides airway for respiration, moistens and warms air, filter air, aids in speech, contains olfactory receptors. |
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Term
| External portion of respiratory system |
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Definition
| Frontal bone, nasal bone, maxillary bone, hyaline cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| Inside and posterior to external nose |
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Term
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Definition
| enters through external nares (nostrils) |
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Term
| Nasal Cavity: Nasal Septum |
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Definition
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Term
| Nasal Cavity: Continuous with... |
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Definition
| the nasopharynx via the posterior nasal apertures (aka choanae, internal nares) |
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Term
| Nasal Cavity: Two types of mucous membranes |
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Definition
| Olfactory mucosa, respiratory mucosa |
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Term
| Nasal Cavity: Olfactory mucosa |
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Definition
| houses smell receptors (smaller area) |
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Term
| Nasal Cavity: Respiratory mucosa |
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Definition
| lines majority of nasal cavity (inflammation = rhinitis) |
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Term
| Nasal Cavity: Nasal Conchae location |
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Definition
| Superior and middle conchae part of the ethmoid |
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Term
| Nasal Cavity: Nasal Conchae: Inferior concha |
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Definition
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Term
| Nasal Cavity: Nasal Conchae: Form grooves (meatus) |
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Definition
| air turbulence helps trap substances |
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Term
| Paranasal sinuses: Location |
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Definition
| frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones |
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Term
| Paranasal Sinuses: Function/composition |
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Definition
| Lined by same mucosa and drain into nasal cavity |
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Term
| Paranasal Sinuses: Sinusitis |
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Definition
| inflammation of paranasal sinuses, caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infection |
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Term
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Definition
| Connects nasal cavity and mouth superiorly and to esophagus and larynx inferiorly |
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Term
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Definition
| Extends from base of skull to level of 6th cervical vertebra |
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Term
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Definition
| Has skeletal muscle through entire length but varies in mucosal lining depending on region |
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Term
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Definition
| Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx |
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Term
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Definition
| Posterior to nasal cavity, solely air passageway |
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Term
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Definition
| “little grape”, structure that hangs from soft palate, helps to prevent food from going up nose |
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Term
| Nasopharynx: Pharyngeal Tonsils (adenoids) |
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Definition
| Located in posterior wall of nasal cavity (destroy pathogens) |
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Term
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Definition
| Posterior to oral cavity, from soft palate to epiglottis (food and air) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Epithelial lining changes to stratified squamous |
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Term
| Oropharynx: Palatine tonsils location |
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Definition
| Located in posterior wall of middle portion of pharynx |
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Term
| Oropharynx: Palatine tonsils removal |
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Definition
| The ones commonly removed in tonsillectomy during childhood |
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Term
| Oropharynx: Lingual tonsils location |
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Definition
| Located at base of tongue |
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Term
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Definition
| Inferior to oropharynx, posterior to larynx (food and air) |
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Term
| Laryngopharynx: Continuous |
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Definition
| with both esophagus and larynx |
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Term
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Definition
| Positioned at anterior midline of neck at the level of C4-C6 |
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Term
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Definition
| Attaches to hyoid bone superiorly, continuous with trachea inferiorly |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Larynx: Secondary functions |
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Definition
| Prevent food/fluid from entering trachea, provide open airway |
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Term
| Larynx: Vocal cords (true) |
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Definition
| mucosal folds containing vocal ligaments (with elastic fibers) |
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Term
| Larynx: Valsalva maneuver |
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Definition
| forcing air against closed glottis |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of 9 separate cartilages |
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Term
| Larynx: Unpaired cartilage |
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Definition
| Epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid |
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Term
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Definition
| Arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages (arytenoid anchor vocal cords) |
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Term
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Definition
| most cephalic, closes glottis (laryngeal inlet) Opening between larynx and esophagus during swallowing |
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Term
| Larynx: Thyroid cartilage |
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Definition
| largest (laryngeal prominence is Adam’s apple) |
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Term
| Larynx: Cricoid cartilage |
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Definition
| ring, connects thyroid cartilage to trachea |
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Term
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Definition
| Descends from larynx into mediastinum |
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Term
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Definition
| is C- shaped rings of hyaline cartilage joined by fibroelastic CT- it is flexible but does not collapse during breathing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Open, posterior portion has trachealis muscle which allows the esophagus to expand forward decreasing trachea diameter |
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Term
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Definition
| Inner lining is mucous membrane and CT |
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Term
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Definition
| cartilage plate where trachea splits into primary bronchi |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| system of respiratory passages that branches into lungs |
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Term
| Bronchi (conducting zone): Types |
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Definition
| Main (R,L) aka primary, secondary (lobar), tertiary (segmental) |
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Term
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Definition
| Branches off trachea, runs obliquely through mediastinum and into hilus (medial depression) of lung |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 on the right, 2 on the left – supply each lobe of lung |
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Term
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Definition
| Divide repeatedly into smaller and smaller bronchi |
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Term
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Definition
| tubes smaller than 1 mm in diameter |
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Term
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Definition
| are smallest (<0.5 mm in diameter) |
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Term
| Bronchi and Bronchial Subdivisions: Types of changes in tissue composition along the walls. |
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Definition
| Supportive CT, Epithelial tissue, Smooth Muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cartilage rings are replaced by plates as main bronchi enter lungs, cartilage ceases to exist at bronchioles. |
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Term
| Epithelial tissue changes |
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Definition
Pseudostratified to simple columnar to simple cuboidal (terminal and respiratory bronchioles)
Cilia disappears |
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Term
| Changes in tissue composition: Smooth Muscle: Location |
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Definition
| Begins at trachea (trachealis muscle) and continues into bronchi and bronchioles, forms helical bands |
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Term
| Changes in tissue composition: Smooth Muscle: Muscle bands |
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Definition
| widen with sympathetic input, constrict with parasympathetic input |
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Term
| Changes in tissue composition: Smooth Muscle: Air tubes |
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Definition
| contract during asthma attack |
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Term
| Changes in tissue composition: Smooth Muscle: Thins... |
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Definition
| as it reaches end and is not present in alveoil. |
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Term
| Respiratory bronchioles (respiratory zone) |
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Definition
| Branch from terminal bronchioles, alveoli protrude. |
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Term
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Definition
| Straight ducts with alveoli protruding |
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Term
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Definition
| Cluster of alveoli, “bunch of grapes”- grapes are alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
| opening from alveolar duct to alveolar sac |
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Term
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Definition
| Functional unit of respiratory system |
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Term
| Alveolus (singular): External surface is covered with... |
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Definition
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Term
| Alveolus (singular): respiratory membrane |
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Definition
| alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basal laminae – exchange of O2 and CO2 |
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Term
| Alveolus: Increase surface area for.. |
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Definition
| gas diffusion (walls one cell layer – squamous epi. = Type I cells – surrounded by basal lamina) |
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Term
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Definition
| cuboidal epithelial cells that secrete surfactant, which coats internal alveolar surfaces (no sticking) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| remove any particles not captured by mucus |
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Term
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Definition
| Coverings/lining of lungs and pleural cavity, walls are serous membranes. |
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Term
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Definition
| attached to outer surface of lung itself |
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Term
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Definition
| attached to wall of chest and thoracic surface of diaphragm |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Pleural Cavity contains... |
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Definition
| serous fluid, which provides lubrication (allows membranes to slide during breathing) |
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Term
| Pleural Cavity: The serous membranes themselves are usually touching... |
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Definition
| each other and stick the lungs to the thoracic wall |
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Term
| Pleural Cavity: If air gets in... |
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Definition
| into the space you’re in trouble (pneumothorax) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Each lung is cone-shaped, extends from diaphragm (base) to a point just above the clavicle (apex) |
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Term
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Definition
| Lungs are spongy and light (1.25 lbs each) |
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Term
| Lungs: Area between the lungs is known as the... |
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Definition
| Mediastinum (heart is located there) |
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Term
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Definition
| depression on medial surface through which root (blood vessels, bronchi, lymph vessels, and nerves) enters/exits |
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Term
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Definition
| Left lung is smaller than right and has cardiac notch; also has 2 lobes (upper and lower) divided by oblique fissure |
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Term
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Definition
| Right lung has three lobes (upper, middle, lower) divided by oblique and horizontal fissures |
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Term
| Lungs: Each lobe is divided into... |
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Definition
| bronchopulmonary segments (approx. 10 per lung) |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest lung subdivision seen with naked eye |
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Term
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Definition
| framework of CT with many elastic fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| Pulmonary arteries deliver O2-poor blood and branch posteriorly along bronchi and feed into capillary networks surrounding alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
| Pulmonary veins bring back O2-rich blood and branch anteriorly along bronchi |
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Term
| Lungs: Bronchial arteries and veins supply... |
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Definition
| systemic blood – enter/exit at hilus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Inspiration and expiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| (air pressure inside the lungs is lower than atmospheric pressure) - always an active process |
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Term
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Definition
| Is a dome shape that flattens during inspiration, causes more room in thoracic cavity |
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Term
| Inspiration: Intercostal Muscles for regular inspiration |
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Definition
| the diaphragm, external intercostals (intercostal = between ribs), and portion of internal intercostals are active |
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Term
| Inspiration: Intercostal Muscles for forced inspiration |
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Definition
| the scalenes and sternocleidomastoid (and other) muscles are involved (helps to elevate ribs) |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the expansion of the thoracic cavity that allows the lungs to fill with air, which is why intercostal muscles must help stiffen the thoracic wall |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when air pressure in the lungs is greater than atmospheric pressure |
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Term
| Expiration is usually a... |
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Definition
| passive process (at rest), since the inspiration muscles relax |
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Term
| Expiration: If it is forced (cough, sneeze)... |
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Definition
| a portion of the internal intercostal muscles get involved, as well as the abdominal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| remain open at all times due to surfactant reducing surface tension |
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Term
| Lower respiratory structures list |
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Definition
| Bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, Cystic Fibrosis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Bronchial asthma symptoms |
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Definition
| coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath |
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Term
| Bronchial asthma attack early |
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Definition
| Early phase when mast cells stimulate smooth muscle contraction and mucus secretion |
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Term
| Bronchial asthma attack late |
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Definition
| Late phase involves leukocyte involvement |
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Term
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
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Definition
| Category of disorders in which air flow into/out of lungs is difficult |
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Term
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Definition
| Patients often have history of smoking |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Enlarged alveoli (deteriorated alveolar walls) |
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Term
| COPD: Emphysema: Fibrosis |
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Definition
| scar tissue formation that is due to chronic inflammation ( elasticity, difficulty breathing) |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhaled irritants lead to excess mucus production and inflammation and fibrosis of mucosa (obstruct airways) |
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Term
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Definition
| Inherited disease, exocrine gland function is disrupted throughout body – oversecretion of mucus, clogs passageways |
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Term
| Upper respiratory structures: Epistaxis |
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Definition
| nosebleed, most often from anterior portion of septum (stop bleeding by pinching nostrils) |
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