Term
1) ________ is the process whereby gametes from each parent fuse to produce a new cell.
A) Independent assortment
B) Gametogenesis
C) Fertilization
D) Oogenesis
E) Spermatogenesis |
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Definition
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Term
2) Autosomes are described as ________ because they are formed into matching pairs.
A) heterologous
B) homologous
C) haploid
D) zygotic
E) clonal |
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Definition
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Term
3) What describes the process where portions of homologous chromosomes exchange segments with one another?
A) Meiotic overlap
B) Clonal exchange
C) Homologous exchange
D) Crossing over
E) Independent assortment |
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Definition
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Term
4) After the second meiotic division, each cell contains ________.
A) a random mixture of maternal and paternal alleles on each of two sister chromatids
B) a maternal and a paternal sister chromatid
C) either two maternal or two paternal sister chromatids
D) either a maternal or a paternal sister chromatid
E) a random mixture of maternal and paternal alleles on one sister chromatid |
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Definition
| a random mixture of maternal and paternal alleles on one sister chromatid |
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Term
5) ________, the general term for the primary reproductive organs, are responsible for the secretion of ________ in females.
A) Gonads : androgens (testosterone)
B) Gonads : estrogens (estradiol) and progesterone
C) Testes : androgens (testosterone)
D) Ovaries : estrogens (estradiol) and progesterone
E) Ovaries : androgens (testosterone) |
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Definition
| Gonads : estrogens (estradiol) and progesterone |
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Term
6) What are gonadotrophs?
A) cells of the hypothalamus that secrete GnRH
B) cells of the anterior pituitary that secrete FSH and LH
C) hormones of the gonads
D) cells of the gonads that secrete sex hormones
E) growth factors for sexual differentiation |
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Definition
| cells of the anterior pituitary that secrete FSH ans LH |
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Term
7) What is the function of the accessory reproductive organs ?
A) secondary sex characteristics only
B) the secretion of sex hormones only
C) secretion of fluids into the reproductive tract only
D) transport of gametes only
E) both secretion of fluids into the reproductive tract and transport of gametes |
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Definition
| both secretion of fluids into the reproductive tract and transport of gametes |
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Term
8) Sex determination of a fetus is controlled by the production of ________, which is coded for by the ________ gene.
A) gonad-determining factor : gdY
B) testis-determining factor : tdY
C) testis-determining factor : srY
D) ovary-determining factor : srY
E) ovary-determining factor : odY |
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Definition
| testis-determining factor : srY |
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Term
9) The absence of ________ in the fetus will further the development of the ________ into the female reproductive tract.
A) androgens : Wolffian ducts
B) Müllerian-promoting substance : Wolffian ducts
C) androgens : Müllerian ducts
D) Wolffian-inhibiting substance : Wolffian ducts
E) Müllerian-inhibiting substance : Müllerian ducts |
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Definition
| Müllerian-inhibiting substance : Müllerian ducts |
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Term
10) In the female reproductive cycle, ________ is/are normally produced every 28 days.
A) millions of sperm
B) several ova
C) two ova
D) a single ovum
E) a single sperm |
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Definition
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Term
11) The loss of reproductive capacity that occurs as females age is caused by ________.
A) changes in hormone secretory patterns
B) inability to release an ovum in the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH) surge
C) the release of incompetent ova
D) the complete cessation of sex hormone release
E) altered length of the menstrual cycle |
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Definition
| changes in hormone secretory patterns |
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Term
12) In what region of the testes are sperm produced?
A) vas deferens
B) seminiferous tubules
C) epididymis
D) efferent ductules
E) rete testes |
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Definition
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Term
13) Which of the following best describes the function of the blood-testis barrier?
A) The blood-testis barrier maintains a differential fluid composition of the seminiferous tubule lumen that facilitates development of sperm and protects sperm from the immune system.
B) The blood-testis barrier maintains a differential fluid composition of the seminiferous tubule lumen that facilitates the development of sperm and blocks the access of androgens to the lumen.
C) The blood-testis barrier maintains a differential fluid composition of the seminiferous tubule lumen that facilitates the entry of inhibin into the lumen, thereby decreasing sperm production.
D) The blood-testis barrier maintains a differential fluid composition of the epididymis tubule lumen that facilitates movement of sperm during emission.
E) The blood-testis barrier maintains a differential fluid composition of the epididymis tubule lumen that favors maintaining high concentrations of androgens in the lumen to facilitate sperm production. |
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Definition
| the blood-testis barrier maintains a differential fluid composition of the seminiferous tubule lumen that facilitates development of sperm and protects sperm from the immune system |
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Term
14) What is the function of androgen-binding protein?
A) transport androgens in blood
B) transport androgens across the blood-testis barrier
C) maintain steady levels of androgens in the lumen of seminiferous tubules
D) provides negative feedback for the release of follicle stimulating hormone
E) provides positive feedback for the release of luteinizing hormone |
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Definition
| maintain steady levels of androgens in the lumen of seminiferous tubules |
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Term
15) Which of the following is NOT a function of Sertoli cells?
A) secrete fluid into the lumen of seminiferous tubules to support sperm development
B) secrete androgens
C) provide nutrients for developing sperm
D) form the blood-testis barrier
E) secrete paracrines that stimulate spermatogenesis |
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Definition
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Term
16) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone stimulate the growth and development of sperm ________.
A) directly by binding to sperm
B) indirectly by binding to Sertoli cells
C) indirectly by binding to Leydig cells
D) indirectly by binding to androgen-binding protein
E) indirectly by binding to interstitial cells |
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Definition
| indirectly by binding to sertoli cells |
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Term
17) What is the function of Leydig cells?
A) secrete androgens only
B) secrete Müllerian inhibiting substance only
C) provide nutrients for developing sperm only
D) both secrete androgens and provide nutrients for developing sperm
E) secrete androgens, provide nutrients for developing sperm, and secrete Müllerian inhibiting substance |
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Definition
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Term
18) What cells secrete Müllerian inhibiting substance in fetal life?
A) follicle cell
B) theca cell
C) granulosa cell
D) Leydig cell
E) Sertoli cell |
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Definition
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Term
19) The ________ erectile tissue increases during sexual arousal, causing the penis to become erect.
A) amount of
B) reduction of blood pressure within the
C) tightening of the connective tissue within the
D) contraction of the
E) volume of blood within the |
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Definition
| volume of blook within the |
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Term
20) What is the function of the scrotum?
A) transports sperm from testes to penis
B) keeps the temperature of the testes less than body temperature for normal sperm development
C) contains vascular spaces that become engorged with blood to induce an erection
D) provides blood flow to the erectile tissue
E) secretes chemicals into the male reproductive track during emission |
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Definition
| keeps the temperature of the testes less than body temperature for normal sperm development |
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Term
21) What transports sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct?
A) scrotum
B) vas deferens
C) rete testis
D) seminal vesicles
E) urethra |
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Definition
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Term
22) What secretes an alkaline fluid containing fructose, enzymes, and prostaglandins into the ejaculatory duct?
A) seminal vesicle
B) prostate gland
C) bulbourethral gland
D) epididymis
E) Sertoli cell |
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Definition
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Term
23) What secretes several enzymes and citrate into the urethra during ejaculation?
A) seminal vesicle
B) prostate gland
C) bulbourethral gland
D) epididymis
E) Sertoli cell |
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Definition
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Term
24) What does luteinizing hormone (LH) cause in males?
A) growth of accessory reproductive organs
B) promoting spermatogenesis
C) stimulating ejaculation
D) secretion of androgens from the Leydig cells
E) secretion of chemicals from Sertoli cells that stimulate sperm maturation |
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Definition
| secretion of androgens from the Leydig cells |
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Term
25) Inhibin is secreted from the ________ and acts to reduce the secretion of ________.
A) Leydig cells : follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
B) hypothalamus : luteinizing hormone (LH)
C) anterior pituitary : FSH
D) Leydig cells : LH
E) Sertoli cells : FSH |
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Definition
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Term
26) Spermatogenesis is directly stimulated by ________.
A) FSH only
B) LH only
C) testosterone only
D) both FSH and testosterone
E) both LH and testosterone |
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Definition
| both FSH and testosterone |
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Term
27) What hormone is responsible for secondary sex characteristics in males?
A) LH
B) FSH
C) testosterone
D) inhibin
E) Wolffian factor |
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Definition
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Term
28) Which of the following is NOT stimulated by the surge of testosterone that occurs at puberty?
A) the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
B) secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary
C) increased protein synthesis in muscle
D) secretion of a thick oil by sebaceous glands
E) spermatogenesis |
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Definition
| the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
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Term
29) Enzymes that facilitate entry of sperm into the ova are contained within the ________ of the spermatozoa.
A) midpiece
B) tail
C) acrosome
D) mitochondria
E) flagella |
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Definition
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Term
30) Where are spermatogonia located?
A) anywhere within the seminiferous tubules
B) attached to Leydig cells
C) on the luminal surface of the Sertoli cell
D) at the basement membrane-Sertoli cell interface
E) in the epididymis |
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Definition
| at the basement membrane-Sertoli cell interface |
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Term
31) Which of the following is the correct order of sperm development?
A) spermatid primary spermatocyte secondary spermatocyte spermatogonia spermatozoa
B) spermatid secondary spermatocyte primary spermatocyte spermatogonia spermatozoa
C) spermatozoa spermatogonia primary spermatocyte secondary spermatocyte spermatid
D) spermatogonia primary spermatocyte secondary spermatocyte spermatid spermatozoa
E) spermatogonia primary spermatocyte secondary spermatocyte spermatozoa spermatid |
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Definition
| spermatogonia primary spermatocyte secondary spermatocyte |
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Term
32) How do males continue to produce sperm through their adult lives?
A) Spermatozoa can undergo cell division daily.
B) When a spermatogonium undergoes mitosis, only one undergoes further differentiation to become a mature sperm; the other stays a spermatogonium.
C) Testosterone levels remain elevated throughout adulthood.
D) Secondary spermatocytes produce an endless supply of primary spermatocytes.
E) Sperm cells never die. |
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Definition
| When a spermatogonium undergoes mitosis, only one undergoes further differentiation to become a mature sperm; the other stays a spermatogonium. |
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Term
33) During spermatogenesis, the ________ are haploid cells that require further differentiation in order to become functional spermatozoa.
A) primary spermatocytes
B) spermatogonia
C) spermatids
D) secondary spermatocytes
E) tertiary spermatocytes |
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Definition
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Term
34) When do sperm acquire motility?
A) after they enter the vagina
B) after they enter the efferent ductule
C) after they pass through the epididymis
D) after they have been exposed to bulbourethral fluid
E) after they have been exposed to fluid in the female reproductive tract |
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Definition
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Term
35) What neurotransmitter is released from parasympathetic nerves to dilate the penile arterioles to increase blood flow to the erectile tissue?
A) nitric oxide
B) acetylcholine
C) norepinephrine
D) serotonin
E) histamine |
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Definition
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Term
36) Erectile function requires an increase in ________, whereas ejaculation involves increases in ________.
A) parasympathetic nervous activity : myogenic constriction of the vas deferens
B) sympathetic nervous activity : parasympathetic nervous activity
C) parasympathetic nervous activity : sympathetic nervous activity
D) myogenic dilation of vessels within erectile tissue : sympathetic nervous activity
E) myogenic dilation of vessels within erectile tissue : myogenic constriction of the vas deferens |
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Definition
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Term
37) Which of the following structures does NOT contract during ejaculation?
A) epididymis
B) vas deferens
C) ejaculatory duct
D) erectile tissue
E) skeletal muscles at the base of the penis |
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Definition
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Term
38) The mixture of sperm with fluid from the seminal vesicles and prostate gland is called ________.
A) erection
B) ejaculation
C) insemination
D) emission
E) micturition |
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Definition
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Term
39) Within the ovaries, each follicle contains ________.
A) a single oocyte
B) multiple oocyte
C) a single fertilized ovum
D) a single dense body
E) two dense bodies and two ova |
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Definition
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Term
40) Mature ova develop from a pool of oogonia that ________.
A) will expand until puberty when the ova begin to mature
B) continue to expand after birth with few of those ever developing into mature ova
C) are fixed in number at birth with each one developing into a mature ova
D) undergo mitosis to maintain the number of oogonia as they mature into ova
E) are fixed at birth with few ever developing into mature ova |
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Definition
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Term
41) Each ova is embedded within a ________ and only a small proportion will advance beyond ________.
A) follicle : granulosa stage
B) follicle : primordial follicle
C) granulosa : primordial follicle
D) theca : granulosa stage
E) follicle : thecal stage |
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Definition
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Term
42) Which of the following is NOT a function of the granulosa cells?
A) secretion of inhibin
B) secretion of estrogens
C) secretion of a substance that forms the zona pellucida
D) secretion of androgen-binding protein
E) secretion of paracrines that support follicle development |
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Definition
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Term
43) What is the outer epithelial and connective tissue layer of the uterus?
A) perimetrium
B) myometrium
C) endometrium
D) epimetrium
E) sarcometrium |
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Definition
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Term
45) A follicle in its earliest stage of development is called a ________ and contains a ________.
A) primordial follicle : oogonia
B) primordial follicle : primary oocyte
C) Graafian follicle : oogonia
D) Graafian follicle : primary oocyte
E) primary follicle : primary oocyte |
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Definition
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Term
46) What structure(s) forms the birth canal?
A) vagina only
B) uterus only
C) cervical canal only
D) both vagina and cervical canal
E) vagina, cervical canal, and uterus |
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Definition
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Term
47) Where does fertilization usually occur?
A) vagina
B) cervical canal
C) uterus
D) uterine tube
E) ovary |
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Definition
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Term
48) What secretes a lubricating fluid into the vagina that facilitates the entry of the penis during copulation?
A) vestibular gland
B) cervix
C) uterus
D) labia minor
E) hymen |
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Definition
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Term
49) Each oocyte remains under meiotic arrest until just before ________.
A) birth
B) puberty
C) ovulation
D) the third month of embryonic life
E) fertilization |
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Definition
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Term
50) When does the second meiotic division in oogenesis occur?
A) when the female reaches puberty
B) when the ovum has been fertilized
C) when the ovum reaches the uterine tube
D) when the ovum is released from the ovary
E) when stimulated by the first polar body |
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Definition
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Term
51) What is meiotic arrest?
A) the pause in spermatogenesis that occurs following an ejaculation
B) the pause in oogenesis that occurs between birth and ovulation
C) the termination of oogenesis that occurs after menopause
D) the pause in oogenesis that occurs after fertilization
E) the switch from meiosis to mitosis that occurs after fertilization |
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Definition
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Term
52) When is the second polar body produced?
A) following meiosis I in males
B) following meiosis I in females
C) following meiosis II in males
D) following meiosis II in females
E) following differentiation of cells in the zygote |
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Definition
| following meiosis II in females |
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Term
53) The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle corresponds with what phase(s) of the uterine cycle?
A) menstrual phase only
B) proliferative phase only
C) secretory phase only
D) both menstrual and proliferative phases
E) both proliferative and secretory phases |
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Definition
| bothe menstrual and proliferative phases |
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Term
54) During the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, one follicle (the dominant follicle) will continue to develop because its cells ________.
A) maintain estrogen secretion
B) have a diminished response to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
C) are unresponsive to luteinizing hormone (LH)
D) are no longer able to secrete estrogen
E) no longer respond to FSH |
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Definition
| maintain estrogen secretion |
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Term
55) When does the zona pellucida develop?
A) when follicles are in the primordial phase
B) when follicles are in the preantral stage
C) when follicles are in the early antral stage
D) when follicles are in the late antral stage
E) after fertilization |
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Definition
| when follicles are in the preantral stage |
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Term
56) What is the cumulus oophorus?
A) a fluid-filled cavity in the follicle
B) a thick membrane between the oocyte and granulosa cells
C) a degenerated follicle after ovulation
D) granulosa cells that connect the oocyte to the wall of the Graafian follicle
E) the remnants of a non-dominant follicle after it has undergone atresia |
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Definition
| granulosa cells that connect the oocyte to the wall of the graafian follicle |
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Term
57) What hormone stimulates follicle growth?
A) FSH only
B) progesterone only
C) estrogens only
D) both FSH and estrogens
E) FSH, estrogens, and progesterone |
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Definition
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Term
58) Which of the following is a correct association between oocyte development and follicular phase?
A) Graafian follicle - oogonia
B) Graafian follicle - primary oocyte
C) Graafian follicle - secondary oocyte
D) primordial follicle - primary oocyte
E) primordial follicle - ovum |
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Definition
| Graafian follicle - secondary oocyte |
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Term
59) During ovulation, how is an oocyte released by the ovary?
A) exocytosis
B) primary active transport
C) diapedesis
D) margination
E) the follicle with the oocyte bursts |
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Definition
| the follicle with the oocyte bursts |
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Term
60) What does the surge in plasma luteinizing hormone that occurs at the beginning of the luteal phase trigger?
A) ovulation only
B) development of the corpus luteum only
C) stimulation of the first meiotic division only
D) both ovulation and development of the corpus luteum
E) both ovulation and stimulation of the first meiotic division |
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Definition
| both ovulation and development of the corpus luteum |
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Term
61) The migration of sperm into the uterus, where they can contact the ovum, is facilitated by the secretion of ________ into the ________.
A) estrogen : uterine tube
B) progesterone : uterine tube
C) a thin mucus : cervical canal
D) an acidic solution : cervical canal
E) an alkaline solution : uterine tube |
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Definition
| a thin mucus : cervical canal |
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Term
62) Which of the following changes in the uterus does NOT occur during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
A) enhanced secretion of fluids rich in fructose
B) endometrium enriched with more arterial branches
C) enlargement of endometrial glands
D) enhanced secretion of fluids rich in glycogen
E) increased viscosity of secretions from cervical glands |
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Definition
| enhanced secretion of fluids rich in fructose |
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Term
63) The changes in the uterus that occur during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle are mediated by ________.
A) increased estrogen from the adrenal cortex
B) increased progesterone from the corpus luteum
C) decreased estrogen from the adrenal cortex
D) increased estrogen from the ovaries
E) increased progesterone from the ovaries |
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Definition
| increased progesterone from the corpus luteum |
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Term
64) In the absence of the implantation of a fertilized embryo, the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle is initiated by the degeneration of the ________.
A) myometrium
B) corpus albicans
C) endometrium
D) corpus luteum
E) Graafian follicle |
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Definition
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Term
65) In the uterine cycle, the proliferative phase is promoted by ________, whereas the secretory phase is promoted by ________.
A) estrogen : progesterone
B) progesterone : estrogen
C) progesterone : progesterone
D) LH : FSH
E) FSH : LH |
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Definition
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Term
66) The reduction in progesterone and estrogen that occurs at the beginning of the follicular phase is responsible for stimulating follicular development through ________.
A) stimulating the release of progesterone
B) stimulating the release of luteinizing hormone (LH)
C) inhibiting the release of LH
D) inhibiting the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
E) stimulating the release of FSH |
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Definition
| stimulating the release of FSH |
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Term
67) The secretory activity of the anterior pituitary begins to change during late follicular phase such that ________.
A) estrogen increases the release of luteinizing hormone (LH)
B) estrogen decreases the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
C) inhibin stimulates the release of FSH
D) gonadotropin increases the release of LH
E) inhibin stimulates the release of LH |
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Definition
| estrogen increases the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) |
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Term
44) Most of the uterine wall thickness is composed of the ________.
A) perimetrium
B) myometrium
C) endometrium
D) epimetrium
E) parametrium |
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Definition
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Term
66) The reduction in progesterone and estrogen that occurs at the beginning of the follicular phase is responsible for stimulating follicular development through ________.
A) stimulating the release of progesterone
B) stimulating the release of luteinizing hormone (LH)
C) inhibiting the release of LH
D) inhibiting the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
E) stimulating the release of FSH |
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Definition
| stimulating the release of FSH |
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Term
67) The secretory activity of the anterior pituitary begins to change during late follicular phase such that ________.
A) estrogen increases the release of luteinizing hormone (LH)
B) estrogen decreases the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
C) inhibin stimulates the release of FSH
D) gonadotropin increases the release of LH
E) inhibin stimulates the release of LH |
|
Definition
| estrogen increases the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) |
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Term
68) Which of the following is NOT a response of the dominant follicle to stimulation by luteinizing hormone (LH) during the late follicular phase?
A) the secretion of paracrines by the granulosa cells that stimulates the completion of meiosis I
B) the decrease in estrogen secretion by granulosa cells
C) the decrease in expression of LH receptors by granulosa cells
D) the secretion of enzymes by the granulosa cells that degrades the follicle wall
E) the onset of differentiation of granulosa cells into the corpus luteum |
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Definition
| the decrease in estrogen secretion by granulosa cells |
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Term
69) What hormone(s) is secreted by the corpus luteum?
A) progesterone only
B) inhibin only
C) estrogens only
D) both progesterone and estrogens
E) progesterone, estrogens, and inhibin |
|
Definition
| progesterone, estrogens, and inhibin |
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Term
70) The hormonal trigger for menstruation involves a ________.
A) drop in plasma luteinizing hormone (LH)
B) reduction of inhibin secretion
C) loss of estrogen secretion from the adrenal cortex
D) reduction of plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
E) loss of progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum |
|
Definition
| loss of progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum |
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Term
71) The elevated plasma concentration of estrogen early in the luteal phase has little effect on the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) because ________.
A) inhibin strongly inhibits LH release
B) progesterone strongly inhibits LH release
C) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is reduced
D) the corpus luteum degenerates
E) secretin release is inhibited |
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Definition
| progesterone strongly inhibits LH release |
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Term
72) Which of the following conditions is NOT induced by the reduction in estrogen release that occurs during menopause?
A) decreased breast size
B) loss of ovulation
C) increased risk of heart disease
D) increased risk for osteoporosis
E) absence of sexual arousal |
|
Definition
| absence of sexual arousal |
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Term
73) Sperm are unable to fertilize the egg upon entry into the vagina and must undergo ________, allowing them to ________, which facilitates fertilization.
A) resistation : activate the acrosome
B) resistation : move faster
C) capacitation : more readily adhere to the ovum
D) capacitation : activate the acrosome
E) implantation : move faster |
|
Definition
| capacitation : activate the acrosome |
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Term
74) Which of the following best describes the events that take place when the first sperm binds to the oocyte?
A) The entire sperm is transported into the cytoplasm of the oocyte, where the nucleus of the sperm releases its DNA to combine with the DNA of the oocyte and replication occurs. The oocyte then undergoes the first meiotic division.
B) The entire sperm is transported into the cytoplasm of the oocyte, where the nucleus of the sperm releases its DNA to combine with the DNA of the oocyte and transcription occurs. The oocyte then undergoes the second meiotic division.
C) The head of the sperm is transported into the cytoplasm of the oocyte, where the nucleus of the sperm releases its DNA to combine with the DNA of the oocyte and transcription occurs. The oocyte then undergoes the first meiotic division.
D) The head of the sperm is transported into the cytoplasm of the oocyte, where the nucleus of the sperm releases its DNA to combine with the DNA of the oocyte and replication occurs. The oocyte then undergoes the second meiotic division.
E) The head of the sperm is transported into the cytoplasm of the oocyte, where the nucleus of the sperm releases its DNA to combine with the DNA of the oocyte and transcription occurs. The oocyte then undergoes the second meiotic division. |
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Definition
| The head of the sperm is transported into the cytoplasm of the oocyte, where the nucleus of the sperm releases its DNA to combine with the DNA of the oocyte and replication occurs. The oocyte then undergoes the second meiotic division. |
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Term
75) Which of the following prevents polyspermy?
A) inactivation of sperm-binding proteins in the zona pellucida and release of toxins to sperm by the fertilized ovum
B) release of toxins to sperm by the fertilized ovum and hardening of the zona pellucida
C) inactivation of sperm-binding proteins in the zona pellucida and hardening of the zona pellucida
D) sealing of the corona radiata and hardening of the zona pellucida
E) sealing of the corona radiata and release of toxins to sperm by the fertilized ovum |
|
Definition
| inactivation of sperm-binding proteins in the zona pellucida and hardening of the zona pellucida |
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Term
76) A morula develops by ________.
A) meiosis I
B) meiosis II
C) mitosis
D) cell cleavage
E) cell differentiation |
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Definition
|
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Term
77) Implantation of the blastocyst into the endometrium results from ________.
A) blastocoele secretion of paracrines that initiates cell cleavage
B) trophoblast secretion of paracrines that initiates cell cleavage
C) blastocoele secretion of paracrines that initiates the decidual response
D) trophoblast secretion of endocrine hormones that initiates the decidual response
E) trophoblast secretion of paracrines that initiates the decidual response |
|
Definition
| trophoblast secretion of paracrines that initiates the decidual response |
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Term
78) How do monozygotic twins develop?
A) splitting of the blastocyst
B) splitting of the morula while cells are still totipotent
C) inappropriate implantation of the embryo into the endometrium
D) fertilization of more than one ova
E) polyspermy |
|
Definition
| splitting of the morula while cells are still totipotent |
|
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Term
79) The placenta forms from ________.
A) the trophoblast only
B) the blastocoele only
C) endometrial tissue of the mother only
D) both the trophoblast and endometrial tissue of the mother
E) both the blastocoele and endometrial tissue of the mother |
|
Definition
| both the trophoblast and endometrial tissue of the mother |
|
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Term
80) What is the function of the amniotic fluid?
A) float the developing embryo
B) protect the uterus from the embryo
C) provide the intrauterine pressure that facilitates embryonic development
D) cushion the developing embryo against physical trauma
E) provide nutrients for the developing embryo |
|
Definition
| cushion the developing embryo against physical trauma |
|
|
Term
81) Once diffusion from the endometrium becomes inadequate for delivery of oxygen, the placenta develops from projections of the ________, which facilitates exchange of nutrients and waste by the ________.
A) chorionic villi into the embryo : short distance between maternal and fetal blood
B) chorionic villi into the embryo : mixing of maternal and fetal blood
C) amnionic villi into the endometrium : short distance between maternal and fetal blood
D) chorionic villi into the endometrium : mixing of maternal and fetal blood
E) chorionic villi into the endometrium : short distance between maternal and fetal blood |
|
Definition
| chorionic villi into the endometrium : short distance between maternal and fetal blood |
|
|
Term
82) The secretion of estrogen and progesterone by the corpus luteum is maintained during pregnancy by ________ until the corpus luteum degenerates and the ________ takes over secretion of these hormones.
A) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) : placenta
B) luteinizing hormone (LH) : placenta
C) hCG : fetus
D) LH : endometrium
E) hCG : endometrium |
|
Definition
| human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) : placenta |
|
|
Term
83) Which of the following is NOT a mechanism whereby estrogen maintains the body during pregnancy and prepares the body for delivery?
A) the development of tissue that carries milk to the nipples
B) the deposition of fatty tissues in the breast
C) the secretion of prolactin
D) the growth of glandular tissue in the breast
E) the growth of uterine smooth muscle cells |
|
Definition
| the growth of glandular tissue in the breast |
|
|
Term
84) Which of the following is NOT one of the effects of progesterone that maintains the body for pregnancy and prepares the body for parturition?
A) the maintenance of thickened myometrium
B) the maintenance of thickened endometrium
C) the secretion of prolactin
D) the growth of glandular tissue in the breast
E) the suppression of contractile activity of uterine smooth muscle cells |
|
Definition
| the secretion of prolactin |
|
|
Term
85) The activity of smooth muscle cells of the myometrium is regulated by estrogen, which increases responsiveness of the myometrium to what hormone?
A) progesterone
B) prolactin
C) oxytocin
D) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
E) norepinephrine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
86) The ________ in secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) during pregnancy is regulated primarily by ________.
A) decrease : progesterone
B) decrease : estrogen
C) decrease : gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
D) decrease : human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
E) increase : oxytocin |
|
Definition
|
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Term
87) The ripening of the cervix in the weeks prior to parturition involves ________.
A) slow opening of the birth canal
B) increased flexibility of the cervix
C) rupture of the amniotic sac
D) rotation of the fetus in the uterus
E) frequent uterine contractions |
|
Definition
| increased flexibility of the cervix |
|
|
Term
88) Which of the following is a function of oxytocin?
A) inhibits uterine contractions
B) stimulates prolactin release
C) inhibits contraction of breast myoepithelial cells
D) stimulates release of estrogens and progesterone
E) stimulates the release of prostaglandins from myometrial cells |
|
Definition
| stimulates the release of prostaglandins from myometrial cells |
|
|
Term
89) What is the function of prostaglandins during parturition?
A) stimulate mucus secretion to lubricate the cervix and vagina
B) stimulate the softening of the cervix so it can dilate
C) stimulate uterine contraction
D) inhibit blood flow through the umbilical cord to prevent excessive bleeding
E) inhibit the inflammatory response as tissue is abraded during delivery |
|
Definition
| stimulate uterine contraction |
|
|
Term
90) Fetal release of ________ appears to be partly responsible for stimulating parturition.
A) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
B) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
C) corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
D) estrogen
E) progesterone |
|
Definition
| corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) |
|
|
Term
91) Abnormally elevated thirst and urination can be signs of what disease that occurs in pregnant women?
A) gestational diabetes
B) hyperprolactinemia
C) placental insufficiency
D) miscarriage
E) ectopic pregnancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
92) Which of the following is NOT one of the nutrients found in breast milk after the first week?
A) colostrum
B) fat
C) lactose
D) growth factors
E) antibodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
93) The ejection of milk that occurs while the infant is suckling is mediated by ________.
A) prolactin-induced myoepithelial cell contraction
B) local reflex-induced myoepithelial cell contraction
C) myogenic contraction of myoepithelial cells
D) oxytocin-induced myoepithelial cell contraction
E) acetylcholine-induced myoepithelial cell contraction |
|
Definition
| oxytocin-induced myoepithelial cell contraction |
|
|
Term
94) The production of milk is stimulated by release of ________ from the hypothalamus.
A) corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
B) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
C) oxytocin
D) prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
E) prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) |
|
Definition
| prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) |
|
|
Term
95) Which part of the blastocyst develops into the fetus?
A) blastocoele
B) morula
C) inner cell mass
D) outer cell mass
E) trophoblast |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
96) Which of the following is TRUE of Sertoli cells, but not granulosa cells?
A) secretes paracrines that support gamete development
B) provides nutrients for developing gametes
C) forms a barrier between the fluid surrounding the gamete and blood
D) secretes inhibin
E) secretes androgen-binding protein |
|
Definition
| secretes androgen-binding protein |
|
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