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| in 1493 Spain and Portugal were arguing over control of the lands that European sailors were exploring. They wanted Pope Alexander VI to decide who got what. The Pope drew an imaginary line around the world. This line was called the Line of Demarcation. Everything west of the line that was unclaimed became Spain's and everything unclaimed to the east became Portugal's. |
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| the king of Portugal when the Line of Demarcation was drawn. In 1494 he was unhappy with the placement of the line of Demarcation. He demanded the Spanish rulers meet with him to move the line. |
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| The treaty that moved the Line of Demarcation more than 800 miles to the west. It was made in June 1494 when King John II demanded the Spanish rulers meet with him and move the line because he thought the original line favored Spain. This treaty allowed Portugal to claim much of eastern South America which later became Brazil. |
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| The main goal of mercantilism was to increase the money in a country's treasury by creating a favorable balance of trade. A country had a favorable balance of trade if it had more exports than imports. |
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| set out in 1501 to find a sea route to Asia. he realized that the land he saw was not Asia. A German mapmaker was impressed by Vespucci's account of the lands, he named the continent "America" after him. |
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| First Spaniard to see the Pacific Ocean. |
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| he and his crew were the first people the sail around the world(circumnavigate) |
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| conquerors who explored the Americas and claimed them for Spain. |
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| conquered the Aztecs. He did this by forming alliences with the native peoples who hated Aztec rule. Then |
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| Aztec emperor when Cortes tried to conquer the Aztecs. He was thrown in jail by Cortes in 1919. |
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| agreement with friendly people |
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| invisible enemy that Cortes and his army brought with them to the Aztec empire. It was the disease that whipped out many of the Aztecs and helped Cortes and his army conquer the empire. |
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| powerful empire conquered by Francisco Pizarro. |
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| Englishman who set sail under the Dutch flag to find the Northwest Passage in 1609. He arrived in present-day New York. He did not find a passage to Asia, but in 1610 when he lead another expedition, he sailed for the English. This time he sailed through icy waters of Canada and entered a large bay now called Hudson Bay(named after him.) His crew rebelled against him and put him, his son, and many loyal sailors in a small boat... they were never heard from or seen again. |
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| a west water route through North America to Asia. |
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| Italian sailor who in 1497 crossed the Atlantic Ocean to explore for the English. He landed in the Newfoundland, Canada. He was certain he had reached Asia and he claimed the land for England. He, like Columbus, wanted to reach Japan. he set out the next year on another voyage and was never seen or heard from again. |
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| Italian sailor who sailed under the French flag. In 1524 he set out to find the Northwest Passage. This passage did not exist. |
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| Sailed for France between 1534 and 1536. He traveled up the St. Lawrence River to the site of present-day Montreal. |
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| A group of French Protestants. They founded a colony called Fort Caroline. |
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| Spanish troops under the command of Pedro Menendez de Aviles (the Spanish Armada) marched into the territory of Fort Caroline and told the people that he was going the burn down their city. The French did not take him seriously. Menendez built a fort, St. Augustine near Fort Caroline. He burnt and massacred the French. |
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| Became queen of England in 1558. She was Protestant, which enraged Spain, who were Catholics. The Spanish plotted to remove Queen Elizabeth I from the thrown, but she fought for her country by challenging Spain's power at sea. |
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| Skillful, daring sailors who used speedy ships to attack the Spanish. They made up the Queen of England's navy. |
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| slow moving, big, bulky ships sailed by the Spanish. |
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| He became the most famous of the sea dogs because he attacked many of the Spanish. In 1577 he began a 3 year voyage that took him around the world. During the voyage, he raided Spanish ports and ships in South America. He ended up stealing great amount of treasure from them. He got home in 1580 and was known as a national hero for defeating the Spanish and for being the first Englishmen to circumnavigate. |
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| The Spanish king. He was enraged by the sea dogs attacks. He sent the Spanish Armada to conquer England and restore Catholicism to the nation. |
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| Spain's navy. They were sent by Philip the II to defeat England and restore Catholicism. Because the sea dog's ships were faster than Spain's galleons, the English could easily dart among the Spanish warships, and fire deadly rounds of cannons. The armada was retreating when a big storm hit. Most of their ships were destroyed, and they barely made it home. England's victory had 2 main effects. 1=England remained independent and Protestant. 2= Spain's image suffered and the world saw that Spain could be beaten. Other nations joined England in challenging Spain. |
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| a frenchman who explored the St. Lawrence River. In 1608 he founded a fur-trading post at Quebec. This post became the first permanent French settlement in North America. |
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| The name of the fur-trading post colony. |
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| located along the Hudson river in present-day New York. The Dutch built Fort Nassau here. |
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| a town that the Dutch founded on the lands they bought when they bought Manhattan Island from the Native Americans. |
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