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| Assassination Leads to War |
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Definition
| Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated by a Serbian terrorist. This pushed European countries to go to war. |
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| European powers have rivalries for empires in Africa, Asia, and the Balkans. These powers also have growing nationalism between the French, British, and Germans. There was also a big arms race going on at this time. The assassination turns a small war into a world war. |
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| Different Sides of the War |
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Definition
| Central Powers: Germany and Austria-Hungary against the Allied Powers: Britain, Russia and France. The U.S. decides to stay neutral. |
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Term
| Little American People Use Their Words |
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Definition
| People upset because America turns away from reform. Many call for peace. Jane Addams says it's a women's duty to seek peace. Many U.S. citizens go to fight or be involved in the medical corp. Many see war as manly and romantic. Authors will romanticize the war. |
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| Germany had a plant to take control of France through Belgium and get to Paris. This was called the Schlieffen Plan. However they were stopped at the Battle of the Marne and just decided to dig into the ground and start some good old fashioned trench warfare. Both sides dig in and surround trenches with barbed wire. New weapons: rapid firing rifles, explosives, artillery, machine guns, airplanes for bombing, tanks, and poison gas. |
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| Most Americans favored the allied side because they were English speaking and had a special bond. The French had helped the U.S. during the American Revolution, and had given them the Statue of Liberty. U.S. also traded a lot more with France and Britain. Germans were showed as Huns and barbaric. The French and British were saving civilization. U.S. wants to maintain peace. |
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| War caused economic panic. U.S. wants to trade with both sides. Britain blockades and mines the trade routes. Wilson will accept this, but will start to go against the Central Powers. Trade will decline with the Central Powers, but will go up with the Allies. In 1914 169 million dollars, but down to 1 million dollars in 1916. The Allies in 1914 25 million dollars and in 1916 3 billion dollars. |
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Definition
| U-boats will sink all ships. March 1915 they sunk the British passenger liner, killing 103 Americans. May 7th, 1915 they sunk the Lusitania killing 1200 people including 128 Americans. The nation is upset. November 1915 the Army Reorganization Bill, which will increase the army size. The army will first be used in Mexico and Central America. |
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| The People in the Southern Countries start to think oh maybe we should start conflict too. |
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Definition
| The Dominican Republic started a civil war and the U.S. came to aid. They did the same in Nicaragua and tried in Mexico. The U.S. is very involved in the Mexican economy. U.S. will send troops into Veracruz to stop U.S. property from being destroyed. U.S. helps to overthrow the ruler. Two people will vie for the job, Carranza and Poncho Villa. U.S. are against Villa. U.S. will chase him around Mexico and the southern U.S. John J. Pershing will lead U.S. forces. Will come very close to a war with Mexico. Probably would have if not for things being so bad in Europe. |
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Term
| U.S. + War= Can't Keep Our Nose Out Of Anything |
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Definition
| In 1917 the United states entered the War. They liked the Allies so the decided to join them. |
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Term
| Election in the Year of 1916 |
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Definition
| Wilson knows that re-election will be hard. He needs reformers on his side. In 1916 appoints Louis D. Brabdeisto to the Supreme Court, and he will become the first Jewish justice. The workman's compensation bill was also passed in 1916, along with the Keating Owens child protection bill. Wilson supported the Federal Farm Loan Act which created 12 farm banks for loans. Will also support the Adamson Act, which created the 8 hour workday. Republicans chose Charles Evans Hughes the governor of New York to run. He campaigned on neutrality, and the election was very close. Wilson went to bed thinking he lost, but carried the West and California by 400 votes |
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| Wilson was still promoting peace and tried to get both sides to discuss :Peace Without Victory." Germany refused and said they were going to restart sub-warfare. They also sent the Zimmerman note to Mexico to tell them to go to war with us. The Zimmerman note was published in the U.S. newspapers and the citizens were outraged. In March 1917 the Russian Revolution began. Vladimir Lenin promoted the ideas of Karl Marx, which caused a split between the proletariat and capitalist. March 12th-21st five U.S. ships were sunk by German U-boats. On April 12th 1917 Wilson asked Congress to declare war. Senate passed it 82-6 and the House 373-50. U.S. are now officially at war. |
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| Some Americans are against the war. They think it will drain the U.S. resources and questioned why we fight. Many Americans see the was as being too far removed from them. Wilson promoted the war, and established the Committee on Public Information to promote the cause of freedom and democracy. War becomes very anti-German and immigrant. No more German taught in schools and sauerkraut become liberty cabbage. June 15th 1917 they passed the Espionage Act, which provides a twenty year stint in prison and a 10,000 dollar fine for helping the enemy. Also passed the Enemy Act and Sedition Act which said that no one can say anything bad about the government. Eugene Debs was sentenced to prison for 10 years for opposing the war. This gained him more support and he received 2 million votes even though he was in prison. Many people were upset about the limiting of freedom of speech. |
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| The U.S. didn't know if they wanted a draft or if they wanted volunteers. Wilson was against the draft at first, but then realized that it was necessary. Wilson passed the Selective Service Act and put the minimum age at 21. By June 5th 1917 9.5 million registered between the ages of 21 and 31. By August of 1918 the ages were moved to 18-45. Total of 24 million men would register. 2.8 million were drafted. 75% of the soldiers in war were drafted. Some draft riots occurred and there were conscientious objectors. |
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| The typical soldier was 5'7'', 141 pounds, 22 years old, and white. Whites had 6.9 years of education on average and blacks had 4.7 years. 31% were illiterate, 21% of recruits rejected as unfit, came from all classes and took about two months to supply and train. Women were secretaries, nurses, and worked for the Red Cross. For many it was the first time they traveled any distance, first time around an automobile, first time around a wristwatch and the first time around cigarettes. |
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| War had become a stalemate and slaughter. By 1917 war had been going on for three years. In 1916 60,000 British soldiers were killed or wounded and there was no movement of battle lines. U.S. had General John J. "Blackjack" Pershing. The U.S. saw its first action at Verdun. By March 1918 there were 300,000 soldiers in France. By November there were 2 million. Troops were often kept separate. In 1918 Germany goes to an all out offensive. They get within 50 miles of Paris then they were driven back. November 11th 1918 an armistice was signed. U.S. had a lot of success due to equipment like guns, tanks, and planes. Cost of war for U.S. was 48,000 dead. Disease killed 15 of every 1000 dead. British had 900,000 dead, French had 1.4 million, and Russia had 1.7 million. These numbers influence the peace settlement. |
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| War would cost 33 billion dollars, but interest and veteran benefits raised it 112 billion. How were they going to raise money? They borrowed money and increased taxes. They sold Liberty Bonds. Huge sellers and they appealed to the patriot cause by having Boy Scouts sell them at rallies. They also passed the War Revenue Act of 1917, which increased the tax rate and the estate tax. By the next year they passed another bill that taxed the largest incomes 77 percent. |
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| A number of federal agencies were created to deal with emergencies. Food shortages were addressed by Herbert Hoover. He used patriotism with "wheat-less" and "meatless" days. The government also went into shipbuilding and railroads. They created the United Railway Administration to fix railroads and railroad costs. |
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| The government looks to protect and extend the rights of workers during the war. They created the National War Labor Board to reduce hours and often take over factories. They also said that if you strike you will get drafted. The AFL was fine with this at the time, but the IWW was against it. AFL membership went up from 2.7 million in 1914 to 4 million in 1917. There were more opportunities for blacks, as they were often hired to replace white workers who went to war. The U.S. saw a massive migration from the South to the North. Women's job rates also increased in all areas. Most common were the white-collared jobs. The number one job was telephone operators. Most of the jobs returned to the returning service men at the end of the war. |
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| In late 1918 they meet in Verailles, Paris. Wilson and a team of U.S. representatives will go. No Republican Senators went. They met with the big four: U.S.- Wilson, GB- David Lloyd George, Italy- Vittotro Orlando, and France- George Clemenceau. Europe wanted to punish the losers. Wilson wanted peace, and looked to carve up Europe, and force Germany to pay war reparations of 56 billion. Both Germany and Russia were left out. They did establish the League of Nations. |
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