Term
NAD+ vs. NADH
1 High energy vs. low energy?
2. oxidized coenzyme?
3. Reducing agent vs. Oxidizing agent?
4. NAD+ --> NADH
endergonic/exergonic?
5. Purpose? |
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Definition
1. High= NADH; Low= NAD+
2. NAD+ is the oxidizied coenzyme.
3. NAD+ = oxidizing agent
NADH = reducing agent
4. NAD+ -> NADH = Endergonic
5. Purpose: Recieve energy from food and take it to be transferred to ATP. |
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Term
Oxidative Phosphorylation
IN:
1. Reduced _______
2. ________
3. ________ groups
4. ________
OUT:
5. Oxidized _______
6. ________
7. ________ |
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Definition
IN:
1. Reduced Cofactors (NADH)
2. Oxygen
3. Phosphate Groups (Pi)
4. ADPs
OUT:
5. Oxidized Cofactors (NAD+)
6. Water
7. ATPs |
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Term
| In Oxidative phosphorylation, how is the concentration gradient maintained? |
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Definition
| Answer: By using O2 to make water. |
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Term
Define Kinetic Energy.
1. Examples? |
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Definition
Definition: Anything that moves
Examples:
-Motion of Objects
-Light
-Sound
-Electricity
-Heat |
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Term
| In Oxidative phosphorylation, where does the energy to form the concentration gradient come from? |
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Definition
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Term
Citric Acid Cycle:
IN:
1. ______ (2 Cs)
2. Oxidized _______ (4)
3. 1 _____ equivalent
4. _____(inorganic phosphate ion)
OUT:
5. 2 _____
6. ________
7. reduced ______ (4)
8 1 _____ equivalent. |
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Definition
IN:
1. Acetyl CoA (2 Cs)
2. Oxidized coenzymes NAD+ (4)
3. 1 ADP equivalent
4. Pi (inorganic phosphate ion)
OUT:
5. 2 CO2
6. Reduced coenzymes NADH (4)
7. 1 ATP equivalent. |
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Term
Define Glycogen
1. purpose? |
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Definition
Definition: Molecule animals use for short term quick access storage as carbohydrates. [Polyglucose]
Purpose: energy storage in animals. |
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Term
Define Amylose
1. purpose? |
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Definition
Definition: Carbohydrate plants make [polyglucose]
Purpose: Storage of energy in plants for later use. |
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Term
Define Potential Energy
1. examples |
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Definition
Definition: Anything that could release energy
Examples:
-Objects at an elevation
-Batteries
-Gasoline
-Nuclear
-Chemical Bonds. |
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Term
Exergonic
1. Define
2. Oxidation vs reduction?
3. Examples
4. Products vs reactants. |
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Definition
1. Definition: Spontaneous reactant that releases.
2. Oxidation
3. Examples: Oxidation, burning wood, push a brick wall.
4. Products vs Reactants: reactants have more energy. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the catabolic system we use in our bodies? |
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Definition
Answer: Energy from food to NADH
NADH to ATP |
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Term
Which molecule contains Vitamin B?
-FADH2 -Coenzymes A
-ATP -Citric Acic
-NADH -FAD+
-NAD+ |
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Definition
| Answer: FADH2, FAD, NADH, NAD+, Coenzymes A |
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Term
Mitochondria
1. Define
2. What happens here?
3. What is imbedded into the inner membrane?
4. Where is the pH lower? |
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Definition
1. Power house of the cell
2. Citric Acid Cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
3. OxPhos proteins
4. in the inter-membrane space. |
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Term
1._____ ATP for every
2._____ C Fragment |
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Definition
Answer:
1. 12 ATP for every
2. 2 C Fragments (acetic acid) |
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Term
| Where is most of the CO2 from catabolism produced? |
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Definition
| Answer: Citric Acid Cycle |
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Term
True or False:
During OxPhos, the coenzymes (NAD) combine with oxygen. |
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Definition
| Answer: False, they are oxidized. |
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Term
Citric Acid Cycle
1. Purpose?
2. How does energy go in?
3. How does energy come out?
4. Activators and Inhibitors? |
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Definition
1. Suck energy out from Acetyl CoA and put to reduced coenzymes
2. Goes in as Carbon in CoA
3. Comes out in 90% of reduced coenzymes (NADH) 10% of ATP equivalent
4. Activators: ADP, NAD+
Inhibitors: ATP, NADH |
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Term
| In what form do Carbons enter the Citric Acid Cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what form does the Redox Coenzymes exit the Citric Acid Cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens if your body doesn't have enough B Vitamins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 main nutrients involved in the catabolism of food? |
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Definition
Answer: [Triglycerides]
Lipids (glycerol and fatty acids)
Carbohydrates (glucose and other sugars)
Protein (Amino Acids) |
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Term
Catabolism vs. Anabolism
1. Which uses ATP?
2. Which is involved in the formation of ATP?
3. Exergonic vs endergonic? |
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Definition
1. Anabolism
2. Catabolism
3. Anabolism is endergonic
Catabolism is exergonic. |
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Term
Antioxidants
1. Purpose
2. What vitamins do they contain?
3. Where can these be found (food) examples? |
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Definition
1. neutralize free radicals ->" protection"
2. Vitamin A, C, E
3. Foods with dark color; Exampl: Spinach, blueberries, raisins, beets, cherries. |
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Term
Coenzymes A
1. CoA is a _____ group
2. Purpose
3. True or False: Contains B Vitamin? |
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Definition
1. CoA is an acetyl-carrying group
2. Purpose: get a high energy Acetyl group from food and take them to where they're needed.
3. True |
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Term
True or False?
Bonds between phosphate groups have higher energy in them than most bonds.
1. Where are these bonds found? |
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Definition
Answer: True
Can provide enough energy from almost any reactant.
1. ATP |
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Term
| 1 glucose= _______ ATP Molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the only place O2 is used in catabolism? |
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Definition
| Answer: Oxidative Phosphorylation. |
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Term
Define Anabolism
1. Big vs small? |
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Definition
Definition: Metabolic reactant pathways that build larger biological molecules including those can store energy from smaller pieces "Building"
1. Big vs Small: Small -> Big
[ATP -> ADP +Pi]
Smaller molecule -> complicated Molecule |
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Term
| What is involved in the transport of acetyl groups? |
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Definition
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Term
Free Radicals:
1. Define
2. What is the body's response
3. What do they do in the body?
4. What do they contain that makes them harmful?
5. True or False: Our Body makes free radicals. |
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Definition
1. Harmful oxygen by-products
2. Antioxidants
3. Cause cell injury; break covalent bond.
4. An extra unpaired electron
5. TRUE |
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Term
ATP
1. What does it stand for?
2. What can be found in its structure?
3. ATP is a truck for _____
4. ATP contains _____ bonds
5. True or False: Contains B vitamin?
6. Name of the enzyme that converts ADP-> ATP |
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Definition
1. Adenosine triphosphate.
2. Adenine, Ribose
3. ATP is a truck for just the right amount of Energy
4. ATP contains high energy phosphate bonds.
5. False.
6. ATP synthesis. |
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Term
Define Catabolism
1. Big vs. small? |
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Definition
Definition: Metabolic reaction pathways that break down food molecules and release biochemical energy.
1. Big Vs Small: Big -> Small. |
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Term
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Definition
Definition: all chemical reactions that take place in an organism
Anabolism + Catabolism |
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Term
| Principle source for energy for animals? |
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Definition
| Answer: Oxidation of glucose. |
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Term
Endergonic
1. Define
2. Oxidation vs. Reduction
3. Examples
4. Reactants vs. Products |
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Definition
1. Reaction that needs energy to occur
2. Reduction
3. Examples: Building anything, Reduction, Making a brick wall.
4. Products have more energy. |
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