Term
The Respiratory System
Supplies body with _____
Disposes of ______
Four processes in respiration
____ ventilation
_____ respiration
Transport of respiratory gases
Internal ______ |
|
Definition
The Respiratory System
Supplies body with oxygen
Disposes of carbon dioxide
Four processes in respiration
Pulmonary ventilation
External respiration
Transport of respiratory gases
Internal respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pulmonary ventilation -breathing: air moves in and out of the lungs- gases in alveoli continuously replaced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| External respiration: gas exchange O2/CO2 between blood and alveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transport of gases: O2/CO2 transport between lungs and cells via cardiovascular system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Internal respiration: at the capillaries level gases exchange between blood and cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Respiratory organs
Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses Lungs and alveoli
Pharynx, larynx, and trachea
Bronchi and smaller branches |
|
|
Term
The Nose
Size variation due to differences in nasal ____ -hyaline
Skin is ___ – contains many _____ glands
Nasal Cavity
Two types of mucous membrane
____ mucosa
Near roof of nasal cavity
Houses olfactory (smell) receptors
______ mucosa
Lines nasal cavity
Epithelium is _______ |
|
Definition
The Nose
Size variation due to differences in nasal cartilages -hyaline
Skin is thin – contains many sebaceous glands
Nasal Cavity
Two types of mucous membrane
Olfactory mucosa
Near roof of nasal cavity
Houses olfactory (smell) receptors
Respiratory mucosa
Lines nasal cavity
Epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar |
|
|
Term
The Nasal Cavity
Lies in and posterior to the external nose
External nares – _____
Divided right and left by – nasal septum formed by the ____ of the ethmoid, the ____ and a _____ cartilage (hyaline) covered by a mucous membrane
Posteriorly continuous with _____
Posterior nasal apertures – _____
Roof of nasal cavity formed by ____ and ____ bones |
|
Definition
The Nasal Cavity
Lies in and posterior to the external nose
External nares – nostrils
Divided right and left by – nasal septum formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, the vomer and a septal cartilage (hyaline) covered by a mucous membrane
Posteriorly continuous with nasopharynx
Posterior nasal apertures – choanae
Roof of nasal cavity formed by ethmoid and sphenoid bones |
|
|
Term
The Nasal Cavity
Floor formed by palate -soft an hard palate (___ bones and process of ___ bone)
Basic Anatomy of the Upper Respiratory Tract
_____ part of the nasal cavity just superior to the nostrils. Skin lined with sebaceous and sweat glands and hair follicles
___ -vibrissae- filter large particles from inspired air (insects, lint)
Rest of nasal cavity is lined with
Two types of mucosa
Olfactory mucosa – houses _____receptors
_____ mucosa – lines majority of nasal cavity |
|
Definition
The Nasal Cavity
Floor formed by palate -soft an hard palate (palatine bones and process of maxillary bone)
Basic Anatomy of the Upper Respiratory Tract
Vestibule part of the nasal cavity just superior to the nostrils. Skin lined with sebaceous and sweat glands and hair follicles
Nose hair -vibrissae- filter large particles from inspired air (insects, lint)
Rest of nasal cavity is lined with
Two types of mucosa
Olfactory mucosa – houses olfactory receptors
Respiratory mucosa – lines majority of nasal cavity |
|
|
Term
Respiratory Mucosa
Consists of:
_____ epithelium
_____ cells within epithelium
Underlying layer of ____ propria
Cilia move contaminated mucus posteriorly to the _____ - swallowing
Respiratory mucosa filters inhaled air
Richly supplied by sensory nerve endings -sneezing |
|
Definition
Respiratory Mucosa
Consists of:
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Goblet cells within epithelium
Underlying layer of lamina propria
Cilia move contaminated mucus posteriorly to the pharynx - swallowing
Respiratory mucosa filters inhaled air
Richly supplied by sensory nerve endings -sneezing |
|
|
Term
Nasal Conchae
Superior and middle – part of the ___ bone
Inferior – a separate bone
Project medially from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
Inferior groove to each conchea is a __
Particulate matter –mucus-coated surfaces
During inhalation, conchae and nasal mucous ___, __ and ____ air
During exhalation, reclaims heat and moisture |
|
Definition
Nasal Conchae
Superior and middle – part of the ethmoid bone
Inferior – a separate bone
Project medially from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
Inferior groove to each conchea is a meatus
Particulate matter –mucus-coated surfaces
During inhalation, conchae and nasal mucous filter, heat and moisten air
During exhalation, reclaims heat and moisture |
|
|
Term
The Paranasal Sinuses
The Pharynx
Funnel-shaped passageway
Connects ___ cavity and ___ superiorly to larynx and inferiorly to the _____
Divided into three locations superior to inferior (3) |
|
Definition
The Paranasal Sinuses
The Pharynx
Funnel-shaped passageway
Connects nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to larynx and inferiorly esophagus
Divided into three locations superior to inferior
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx |
|
|
Term
The Pharynx
Type of ____ lining varies along its length
Muscular wall, skeletal muscle along all its length |
|
Definition
The Pharynx
Type of mucosal lining varies along its length
Muscular wall, skeletal muscle along all its length |
|
|
Term
The Nasopharynx
Superior to the point where ___ enters
Only an __ passageway
Closed off during swallowing
Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
Located on posterior wall
Destroys entering _____
Contains the opening to the pharyngotympanic (____) tube
Tubal ____
Provide some protection from infection |
|
Definition
The Nasopharynx
Superior to the point where food enters
Only an air passageway
Closed off during swallowing
Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
Located on posterior wall
Destroys entering pathogens
Contains the opening to the pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube
Tubal tonsil
Provide some protection from infection |
|
|
Term
The Oropharynx
Arch-like entranceway – _____
Extends from soft palate to the ___
Epithelium is______
Two types of tonsils in the oropharynx
____ tonsils – in the lateral walls of the fauces
____ tonsils – covers the posterior surface of the tongue |
|
Definition
The Oropharynx
Arch-like entranceway – fauces
Extends from soft palate to the epiglottis
Epithelium is stratified squamous epithelium
Two types of tonsils in the oropharynx
Palatine tonsils – in the lateral walls of the fauces
Lingual tonsils – covers the posterior surface of the tongue |
|
|
Term
The Laryngopharynx
Passageway for both food and air
Lined with _____
Continuous with the ____ and _____
Lies directly posterior to the ___ and is continuous with both esophagus and larynx |
|
Definition
The Laryngopharynx
Passageway for both food and air
Lined with stratified squamous epithelium
Continuous with the esophagus and larynx
Lies directly posterior to the larynx and is continuous with both esophagus and larynx |
|
|
Term
The Larynx
Three functions
____ production
Provides an open ____
Routes-switches __ and ___ into the proper channels
Closed during ___
Open during ____
Location
Extend from C_ to C_
Superiorly attaches to the ___ bone
Opens into ___pharynx
Inferiorly continues with ___ |
|
Definition
The Larynx
Three functions
Voice production
Provides an open airway
Routes-switches air and food into the proper channels
Closed during swallowing
Open during breathing
Location
Extend from C4 to C6
Superiorly attaches to the hyoid bone
Opens into laryngopharynx
Inferiorly continues with trachea |
|
|
Term
The Larynx - cartilages
Arrangement of ___ cartilages connected by ___ and ____
Thyroid cartilage -large formed by two cartilage plates with the ______ -Adam’s apple
____ cartilage forms a complete ring
3 pairs of small cartilages superior to cricoid in the posterior part of larynx
_____ cartilage
___ cartilage
____ cartilage
___ leaf - shaped elastic cartilage.
During swallowing the entire larynx is pulled ___ and epiglottis tips ___ and seals the laryngeal inlet |
|
Definition
The Larynx - cartilages
Arrangement of nine cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments
Thyroid cartilage -large formed by two cartilage plates with the laryngeal prominence -Adam’s apple
Cricoid cartilage forms a complete ring
3 pairs of small cartilages superior to cricoid in the posterior part of larynx
Arytenoid cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
Cuneiform cartilage
Epiglottis leaf - shaped elastic cartilage.
During swallowing the entire larynx is pulled superiorly and epiglottis tips inferiorly and seals the laryngeal inlet |
|
|
Term
Voice production
Length and tension of the vocal folds changes with ___ of the sound produced
Tenser the vocal cords fold, faster exhaled air causes them to vibrate and the ____ the pitch
Loudness depends on the ___ across the vocal folds
Longer vocal folds vibrate more slowly than short do, voice becomes ___ -boy’s larynx enlarges during puberty |
|
Definition
Voice production
Length and tension of the vocal folds changes with pitch of the sound produced
Tenser the vocal cords fold, faster exhaled air causes them to vibrate and the higher the pitch
Loudness depends on the force of air across the vocal folds
Longer vocal folds vibrate more slowly than short do, voice becomes deeper -boy’s larynx enlarges during puberty |
|
|
Term
| Innervation of the larynx – ____ nerves + ___ nerve |
|
Definition
| Innervation of the larynx – recurrent laryngeal nerves + vagus nerve |
|
|
Term
Primary bronchi (main bronchi) – ____ bronchi
Right main bronchi – ___ and ___ than the left
Bronchi in the Conducting Zone
Secondary (lobar) bronchi
__ on the right
__ on the left
__ (segmental) bronchi
Branch into each lung segment
___ – little bronchi, less than 1 mm in diameter
____ – less than 0.5 mm in diameter |
|
Definition
Primary bronchi (main bronchi) – largest bronchi
Right main bronchi – wider and shorter than the left
Bronchi in the Conducting Zone
Secondary (lobar) bronchi
Three on the right
Two on the left
Tertiary (segmental) bronchi
Branch into each lung segment
Bronchioles – little bronchi, less than 1 mm in diameter
Terminal bronchioles – less than 0.5 mm in diameter |
|
|
Term
Changes in Tissue Composition along Conducting Pathways
Supportive connective tissues change:
C-shaped rings replaced by ______
Epithelium changes, mucosal epithelium thins
First, ______
Replaced by ____, then _____
___ muscle becomes important |
|
Definition
Changes in Tissue Composition along Conducting Pathways
Supportive connective tissues change
C-shaped rings replaced by irregular cartilage plates
Epithelium changes, mucosal epithelium thins
First, pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Replaced by simple columnar, then simple cuboidal epithelium
Smooth muscle becomes important |
|
|
Term
Structures of the Respiratory Zone
The Respiratory Zone
Alveoli consist of type __ cells and ___
Scattered among type __ cells
___ epithelial cells – type II cells
Secrete ____ |
|
Definition
Structures of the Respiratory Zone
The Respiratory Zone
Alveoli consist of type I cells and basal laminae
Scattered among type I cells
Cuboidal epithelial cells – type II cells
Secrete surfactant |
|
|
Term
The Respiratory Zone
Features of alveoli
Surrounded by ____ fibers
Interconnect by way of alveolar ___
Internal surfaces
A site for free movement of alveolar ____ |
|
Definition
The Respiratory Zone
Features of alveoli
Surrounded by elastic fibers
Interconnect by way of alveolar pores
Internal surfaces
A site for free movement of alveolar macrophages |
|
|
Term
The Pleurae
A double-layered sac surrounding each lung
Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura
Pleural cavity
Space between the visceral and parietal pleurae
Pleurae help divide the thoracic cavity
Central _____
Two lateral ____ compartments |
|
Definition
The Pleurae
A double-layered sac surrounding each lung
Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura
Pleural cavity
Space between the visceral and parietal pleurae
Pleurae help divide the thoracic cavity
Central mediastinum
Two lateral pleural compartments |
|
|
Term
Blood Supply and Innervation of the Lungs
Pulmonary arteries – deliver oxygen-___ blood to the lungs
Pulmonary veins – carry ___ blood to the heart
Innervation
Sympathetic, parasympathetic, and visceral sensory fibers
Parasympathetic – ___ airways
Sympathetic – ___ airways |
|
Definition
Blood Supply and Innervation of the Lungs
Pulmonary arteries – deliver oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
Pulmonary veins – carry oxygenated blood to the heart
Innervation
Sympathetic, parasympathetic, and visceral sensory fibers
Parasympathetic – constrict airways
Sympathetic – dilate airways |
|
|
Term
The Mechanisms of Ventilation
Two phases of pulmonary ventilation
Inspiration –
Expiration – |
|
Definition
The Mechanisms of Ventilation
Two phases of pulmonary ventilation
Inspiration – inhalation
Expiration – exhalation |
|
|
Term
Deoxygenated blood arrives through ____ -arteries- from the ____ ventricle
Bronchial arteries branch off of the ___ to supply ____ blood to lung tissue
Venous drainage returns all blood to heart- pulmonary ____
___ pressure in venous system |
|
Definition
Deoxygenated blood arrives through pulmonary trunk -arteries- from the right ventricle
Bronchial arteries branch off of the aorta to supply oxygenated blood to lung tissue
Venous drainage returns all blood to heart- pulmonary veins
Less pressure in venous system |
|
|
Term
The movement of air into and out of the lungs depends on ____ changes governed in part by ____ law, which states that the volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure, assuming that temperature is constant (Figure 23.13).
PV/T=cte |
|
Definition
| The movement of air into and out of the lungs depends on pressure changes governed in part by Boyle’s law, which states that the volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure, assuming that temperature is constant (Figure 23.13). |
|
|
Term
The first step in expanding the lungs involves
contraction of the main inspiratory muscle, the _____
Inhalation occurs when alveolar (intrapulmonic) pressure falls _____ atmospheric pressure. |
|
Definition
The first step in expanding the lungs involves
contraction of the main inspiratory muscle, the diaphragm
Inhalation occurs when alveolar (intrapulmonic) pressure falls below atmospheric pressure. |
|
|
Term
| Contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles increases the size of the thorax, thus ___ the intrapleural (intrathoracic) pressure so that the lungs expand. |
|
Definition
| Contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles increases the size of the thorax, thus decreasing the intrapleural (intrathoracic) pressure so that the lungs expand. |
|
|
Term
Inspiration
Expansion of the lungs ___ alveolar pressure so that air moves along the pressure gradient from the atmosphere into the lungs |
|
Definition
Inspiration
Expansion of the lungs decreases alveolar pressure so that air moves along the pressure gradient from the atmosphere into the lungs |
|
|
Term
| During forced inhalation, accessory muscles of inspiration - ___, ___, and ___ minor are also used. |
|
Definition
| During forced inhalation, accessory muscles of inspiration - sternocleidomastoids, scalenes, and pectoralis minor are also used. |
|
|
Term
Expiration (exhalation) is the movement of air out of the lungs.
Exhalation occurs when alveolar pressure is _____ than atmospheric pressure.
Relaxation of the ___and external ___ muscles results in elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs, which increases intrapleural ___, decreases lung volume, and _____ alveolar pressure.
Air moves from the lungs to the atmosphere. There is also an inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar ___. |
|
Definition
Expiration (exhalation) is the movement of air out of the lungs.
Exhalation occurs when alveolar pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure.
Relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles results in elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs, which increases intrapleural pressure, decreases lung volume, and increases alveolar pressure.
Air moves from the lungs to the atmosphere. There is also an inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid. |
|
|
Term
Expiration
Exhalation becomes active during labored breathing and when air movement out of the lungs is impeded.
Forced expiration employs ____ of the ___ intercostals and ____ muscles |
|
Definition
Expiration
Exhalation becomes active during labored breathing and when air movement out of the lungs is impeded.
Forced expiration employs contraction of the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles |
|
|
Term
Quiet Expiration
___ process with no muscle action
Elastic recoil & ___ tension in alveoli pulls inward
Alveolar pressure increases & air is pushed out |
|
Definition
Quiet Expiration
Passive process with no muscle action
Elastic recoil & surface tension in alveoli pulls inward
Alveolar pressure increases & air is pushed out |
|
|
Term
Labored - Forced Breathing
Forced expiration
abdominal muscles (oblique and transverse) force diaphragm ___
____ intercostals depress ribs
Volume of thoracic cavity _____ |
|
Definition
Labored - Forced Breathing
Forced expiration
abdominal muscles (oblique and transverse) force diaphragm up
internal intercostals depress ribs
Volume of thoracic cavity decreases |
|
|
Term
Respiratory center – generates _____ respiration rate
In the reticular formation of the _____
Chemoreceptors – sensitive to rising and falling ___ levels
Central chemoreceptors – located in ___
Peripheral chemoreceptors = ___ bodies + ___ bodies
Location of Peripheral Chemoreceptors: fork of common ___ artery |
|
Definition
Respiratory center – generates base line respiration rate
In the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata
Chemoreceptors – sensitive to rising and falling oxygen levels
Central chemoreceptors – located in medulla
Peripheral chemoreceptors = Aortic bodies + Carotid bodies
Location of Peripheral Chemoreceptors: fork of common carotid artery |
|
|
