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Chapter 21
Diseases of the skin
83
Microbiology
Undergraduate 1
04/24/2011

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Term
nutrients for some organisms on the skin
Definition
sebum and perspiration
Term
inhibits pathogens on the skin
Definition
fatty acids and lysozyme
Term
when they live on skin the are resistant to what
Definition
desiccation and high concentrations of salt. Staphylococci and micrococci.
Term
propionibacterium
Definition
metabolize oil from the oil glands and colonize hair follicles. gram positive rods. reduce the skin pH to 3-5
Term
corynebacterium xerosis
Definition
aerobe comonly found inhabiting skin surface
Term
malassezia sp
Definition
yeast that grows on oily secretions and thought to be responsible for scaling condition of dandruff
Term
staphylococcus epidermidids
Definition
majority of skin microbiota. not pathogenic unless in a cut. 90% of flora
Term
staphylococcus aureus
Definition
can produce golden colonies, ß-hemolysis, several toxins and extracellular factors responsible for virulence.
Term
s. aureus produces proteins and toxins that
Definition
prevent phagocytosis, immobilize neutrophils, kill phagocyte (neutrophils), form clots,
Term
pathogeniticty island
Definition
large insert of DNA not found in S. epidermidis, encodes many of the virulence traites unique to S.aureus.
Term
S. toxemias diseases
Definition
include scalded skin syndrome and toxic shock syndrome
Term
toxic schock syndrome symptoms
Definition
life threatening condition, brings on fever, vomiting, organ failur (esp. kidney) and rash.
Term
folliculitis
Definition
infections of the hair follicles
Term
sty
Definition
folliculitis of an eyelash
Term
furuncle
Definition
abscess, pus surrounded by inflamed tissue
Term
carbuncle
Definition
inflammation of tissue under the skin.
Term
impetigo
Definition
crusting (nonbullous) sores, spread by autoinoculation
Term
group A beta-hemolytic streptococci
Definition
pathogens most frequently associated with disease.
Term
group A beta-hemolytic streptococci virulence factors
Definition
M protein, erythrogenic toixin, deoxyribonuclease, streptokinases, hyaluridinase, streptolysisns and hyaluronic acid capsule
Term
m protein
Definition
involve in adherance and complement activation and phagocytic avoidance
Term
deoxyribonuclease
Definition
degrades DNA
Term
streptoinases
Definition
dissolve blood clots
Term
hyaluridinase
Definition
degrades connective tissue
Term
streptolysins
Definition
lyse red blood cells and poison neutrophils
Term
hyaluronic acid capsule
Definition
antiphagocytic; masks bacterium due to resemblance to connective tissue
Term
erysipelas
Definition
caused by S. pyogenes. it is a GAS infection of the dermal layer of skin. usually appears first on the face, often preceded by GAS sore throat. can enter the blood stream causing sepsis.
Term
diseases of streptococci
Definition
meningitis, pneumonia, sore throat, otitis media endocarditis, puerperal fever and dental caries
Term
necrotizing fasciitis
Definition
caused by strains of GAS. can start with a simple break to the skin, but once it is established it can destroy tissues rapidly requiring surgical debridement and amputation. mortality 40%. endotoxin A is the key to the disease.
Term
super-antigen
Definition
immune system dysfunction resulting in tissue damabe. often associated with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome
Term
pseudomonas bacteria characteristics
Definition
gram negative rods. aerobes found primarily in soil and water that are resistant to many disinfectants and antibiotics.
Term
P. aeruginosa
Definition
model opportunistic pathogen; swimmers ear (an infection of the externl ear canal.
Term
P. dermatitis
Definition
self limiting rash acquired from swimming pools, hot tubs. It is a serious problem in burn patients.
Term
pyocanin
Definition
contributes to burn infection along with multiple toxins
Term
most commo skin infection
Definition
acne. 17 million people in the US, 85% of teens.
Term
comedonal acne
Definition
shedding skin cells mixed with sebum clogs follicles. not an infection
Term
propionibacterium acnes
Definition
metabolizes sebum trapped in hair follicles. satisfies the gylerol nutritional requirement. causes inflammatory acne: bacterial infection
Term
nodular (cystic) acne
Definition
nodules or cysts, inflmed lesions filled with pus deep within tissue; can lead to scarring
Term
papilloma viruses
Definition
cause skin cells to proliferate and produce a genign growth called a wart or papilloma. oer 50 types
Term
orthopox virus
Definition
smallpox virus
Term
variola virus
Definition
two types of skin infctions: variola major (mortality 20%) and variola minor (mortality ~1%)
Term
small pox
Definition
transmitted by the respiratory route and moved to the skin vi the bloodstream. causes high fever, skin rash and eath usually comes from respiratory failure
Term
varicella-zoster virus
Definition
transmitted by the respiratory route and is localizzed in skin cells, causeing a vesicular rash that fill with pus, form scab then heal. chicken pox
Term
shingles
Definition
herpes zoster, characterized by a vesicular rash along the affected cutaneous sensory nerves.. virions move along the nerves causeing severe pain.
Term
HSV-1 infection
Definition
transmitted primarily by oral and respiratory routes. infection occurs in infancy; 90% US pop infected. often sublinical, but in some cases cold sores and fever blisters develop.
Term
HSV-2
Definition
transmitted sexually. herpes encephalitis occurs when is infects the brain but rare and cause be caused by eithe rtype.
Term
rubeola
Definition
measles.
Term
rubeola vaccine
Definition
at 12 month and beyond, if given under 1 they get the disease
Term
complcations of measles
Definition
middle ear infections, pneumonia encephalitis and secondary bacterial infections
Term
rubella
Definition
red rash and light fever or be asymptomatic.
Term
congenital rubella syndrome
Definition
can affect a fetus when a woman contracts rubella during the first trimester of her pregnancy. damages includes stillbirth, deafness eye cataracts, heart defects and mental retardation
Term
microsporum
Definition
hair, skin
Term
trichophyton
Definition
hair, skin, nails
Term
epidermophyton
Definition
skin, nails
Term
dermatomycoses
Definition
ringwor, or tinea caused by microsporum, trichophyton, and epidermophyton
Term
tinea capitas
Definition
ringworm of the scalp, common in school children
Term
tinea cruris
Definition
jock itch
Term
tinea pedis
Definition
athletes foot.
Term
dermatophytes
Definition
grow on the keratin layer
Term
diagnosis and treatment of rinworm
Definition
diagnosis= microscopic examination of skin scrapings of fungal culture of KOH test. treatment= topical antifungal chemicals
Term
candida albicans
Definition
causes infections of mucous membranes and common cause of thrush and baginitis. produce pseudo hyphae.
Term
c. albicans in nature
Definition
on skin and mucous membranes of the mouth and GI tract.
Term
sarcoptes scabiei
Definition
scabies mite. obligate human parasites. transmitted by intimate contact including sexual. most common in schools, camps, barracks jails and prisons
Term
mites
Definition
furrow beneath the skin, lay eggs; elevated serpentine line, about 1 mm in width. inflamatory response ith terrible itching
Term
mite diagnosis and treatment
Definition
diagnosis= microscopic examination of scrapings. treated with topical application of permethrin
Term
pediculosis human capitis
Definition
head lous.
Term
pediculosis human corpus
Definition
body louse
Term
lice
Definition
reqruie blood meals of their host this leads to itching inflammation and in some cases secondary infections.
Term
rickettsia prowazekii transmission
Definition
spread by body lice. epidemic typhus.
Term
haemophilus influenzae
Definition
most common bacterial cause of conjuctivitis
Term
adenovirus
Definition
most common viral cause of conjunctivitis
Term
conjunctivitis
Definition
highly contagious; pseudomonas causes most destructive infection causing serious eye damage.
Term
opthalmia neonatorum transmission
Definition
transmission of neisseria gonnorrhoeae from an infected mother to an infant during birth, most common cause of blindness.
Term
inclusion conjuctivitis
Definition
infection of the conjuncitva caused by chlamydia trachomatis. is transmitted to infants dring birth and is transmitted in un-chlorinated swimming water
Term
trachoma transmission
Definition
transmitted by hands, fomites and perhaps flies. single greates cause of infectious blindness.
Term
erysipelas
Definition
treated with ß-lactam antibiotics, esp. cephalosporin
Term
trachoma bacteria
Definition
C. trashomatis,
Term
opthalmia neonatorum treatment
Definition
all newborn infants treated with an antibiotic to prevent neisseria and chlamydia infection
Term
rickettsia prowazekii symptoms
Definition
imptoms include severe headachek sustained high fever, chills, falling blood pressure, stupor, sensitivity to light and delirium. rash begins on the chest about 5 days after fever and spreads to trunk and extremities.
Term
S. aureus symptoms
Definition
induce vomiting and diarrhea
Term
shingles treatment
Definition
treated with acyclovir and reduce the severity and shorten the duration of episodes
Term
HSV-1 virus
Definition
remains latet in trigeminal nerve ganglia but recurrences are trigger by UV, emotional psets and hormonal changes during mestruation
Term
rubeola symptoms
Definition
rash begins on the face and spreads
Term
rubeola transmission
Definition
transmitted by the repiratory route. contagious. spread through droplet contact of the nose, mouth or thrat.
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