Term
| what type of substances can be dissolved easily? which can not? |
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Definition
| charged and polar substances, such as salt, are readily dissolved. Non polar substances, such as oil, do not dissolve |
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Term
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Definition
ionic compounds separate in water
cations are attracted to negative ends of water molecules
anions are attracted to positive ends of water molecules |
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Term
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Definition
cations and anions that dissociate in water
* they have the capacity to conduct an electric current (from the flow of charged particles) |
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Term
anabolism
what does it play a role in?
what does it create? |
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Definition
all synthesis reactions in body
*growth*maintenance *repair
*ATP,proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
| decomposition reaction** requires that water be split into two parts and that each part be contributed to one new molecule |
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Term
catabolism
what does it play a role in?
what does it create? |
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Definition
all decomposition reactions in body
*digestion *breakdown of fat stores *breakdown of foreign matter
**breaks down complex carbs>>glucose molecules |
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Term
oxidation
reduction
oxidation/reduction reactions |
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Definition
oxidation- loss of an electron
reduction- gain of an electron
oxidation-reduction= result from the exchange of electrons between two reactants |
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Term
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Definition
mechanical- movement
chemical- potential energy in bonds
heat- energy flows between objects of dif temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins which are catalysts |
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Term
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Definition
| combine with active site and make non function enzymes functional |
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Term
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Definition
| organic cofactors (make non functional enzymes functional) |
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Term
| inorganic substances in humans |
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Definition
| water, oxygen, calcium phosphate (bones), metals (iron in blood) |
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Term
| what properties of water make it useful? |
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Definition
cohesion- molecules stick together due to polarity
adhesion- water sticks to or attracts other molecules
^^cohesion and adhesion help hold cells together and move fluids through body
high specific heat- stabilizes body temp,water can absorb lots of heat while resisting large temp fluctuations
protection- from friction, also forms fluid cushioning
participates- in chem reactions
serves as mixing medium |
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Term
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Definition
| a mixture (not completely uniform), but the particles are small enough that they remain dispersed and do not settle out *proteins and water form colloids |
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Term
| how is blood a solution, suspension, and colloid? |
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Definition
it is a solution- contains dissolved nutrients (ex. sugar)
it is a suspension- holding red blood cells (plasma and red blood cells)
it is a colloid- containing proteins |
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Term
| what is the normal pH of blood? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when blood becomes too acidic >> less than 7.35 pH |
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Term
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Definition
| when blood becomes too basic>>> greater than 7.45 pH |
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Term
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Definition
compound that has a cation (other than H+) and an anion (other than OH-)
** formed by the interaction of an acid and a base in which the H+ of the acid is replaced by the positive ions of the base
ex: HCl+NaOH>>>NaCl+H2O |
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Term
buffers
what are important buffers in living systems? |
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Definition
chemicals that resist changes in pH when acids and bases are added to a solution.
ex: if an acid is added to a solution the buffer binds to the H+ preventing it from making the solution acidic
** bicarbonate, phosphates, amino acids, proteins
important in respiratory and renal mechanisms |
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Term
| when is O2 and CO2 required? |
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Definition
O2 is required in the final steps in a series of reactions used to extract energy from food
CO2- produced during the catabolism (decomposition reactions) of organic compounds |
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Term
| what are carbohydrates composed of? |
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Definition
| Carbon, Hydrogen, and oxygen |
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Term
monosaccharides
what is the major one |
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Definition
simple sugars (3-6 carbons)
GLUCOSE is the major sugar in blood |
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Term
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Definition
2 simple sugars bound by DEHYDRATION
(glucose+glucose)=sucrose + water |
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Term
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Definition
many monosaccharides bound together to form long chains
ex: glycogen-animal starch (energy storage)
cellulose(structure) and starch (energy storage)- from plants |
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Term
what are lipids composed of?
insoluble or soluble? why? |
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Definition
C, H, O and small amounts of other elements such as phosphorus and nitrogen
relatively insoluble (less polar than carbs) |
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Term
| what are the functions of lipids? |
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Definition
protection
insulation
regulate physiological processes
energy storage
form plasma membranes |
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Term
| what happens to fats ingested by humans |
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Definition
fats are broken down by hydrolysis reactions in cells to RELEASE ENERGY for use.
excess fat is stored in body for later use |
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Term
| what are the different types of fats? |
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Definition
TRIGLYCERIDES- 95% of fats (glycerol + 3 fatty acids)
saturated- single covalent bonds btwn carbons (beef, milk)
unsaturated-1+ double covalent bonds (oils)
trans- unsaturated that are chemically altered with H atoms added |
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Term
what are phospholipids?
why are they important? |
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Definition
polar at one end>>>hydrophilic
nonpolar at other end>>>hydrophobic
*structural component of cell membranes |
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Term
eicosanoids
what are they?
3 types
why are they important? |
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Definition
chemicals derived from fatty acids
-prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes
**important in the response of tissues to injuries |
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Term
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Definition
| cholesterol, bile salts, estrogen, testosterone |
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Term
| why is cholesterol important? |
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Definition
| because other steroids arise from it, and it is important in plasma membranes |
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Term
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Definition
non-polar molecules essential for many normal body functions
A,D,E,K |
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Term
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Definition
contain C H O N bound together by covalent bonds and contain some sulfur.
regulate body processes
act as a transportation system
provide protection
help muscles contract
provide structure and energy |
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Term
amino acids
what forms between them? when? |
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Definition
building blocks of proteins
peptide bonds form between them during protein synthesis |
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Term
nucleic acids
composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two types of nucleic acids? |
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Definition
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)- genetic material of cells, DNA copied from one cell generation to the next and it contains info that determines the structure of proteins.
RNA (ribonucleic acid)- structurally similar to dna, plays a role in protein synthesis |
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Term
what are nucleotides?
what are they composed of? |
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Definition
basic building blocks that make up DNA and RNA
5 carbon sugar (monosach) + nitrogenous base + phosphate
Deoxyribose, and ribose, are the 5 carbon sugars for each |
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Term
| ATP adenosine triphosphate |
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Definition
provides energy used in nearly all chemical reactions within cells
"energy currency of cells"
can store and provide energy |
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