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| variations in pronunciation; the emphasis or stress on various syllables |
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| the process by which one culture is modified or changed through contact with or exposure to another culture |
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| a characteristic of culture referring to the degree to which members of a culture feel comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty |
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| a process of message distortion in which messages are reworked to conform to your own attitudes, prejudices, needs, and values |
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| a culture in which the group's goals are given greater importance than the individual's and in which, for example, benevolence, tradition, and conformity are given special emphasis |
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| The _____ _____ approach (often called social Darwinism) holds that much as the human species evolved from earlier life forms to Homo sapiens, cultures also evolve |
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| _____ _____ theory, on the other hand, holds that all cultures are different but that no culture is either superior or inferior to any other |
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| the lifestyle of a group of people; their values, beliefs, artifacts, ways of behaving, and ways of communicating. Culture includes everything that members of a social group have produced and developed-their language, ways of thinking, art, laws, and religion-and that is transmitted from one generation to another through communication rather than genes. Look at cultural differences not as deviations or deficiencies but as the differences they are. Recognizing different ways of doing things, however, does not necessarily mean accepting them. Communicate with an understanding that culture influences communication in all its forms. Increase your cultural sensitivity by learning about different cultures, recognizing and facing your fears, recognizing relevant differences, and becoming conscious of the cultural rules of other cultures |
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| variations in a language, mainly in grammar and semantics; dialects are mutually intelligible, unlike different languages, which are mutually unintelligible |
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| the process by which culture is transmitted from one generation to another |
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| the commitment to the beliefs and philosophy of one's culture; the degree to which a person identifies with his or her cultural group |
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| the tendency to see others and their behaviors through your own cultural filters, often as distortions of your own behaviors; the tendency to evaluate the values and beliefs of your own culture more positively than those of another culture. Recognize your own ethnocentric thinking and be aware of how it influences your verbal and nonverbal messages |
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| a culture that encourages both men and women to be modest, oriented to maintaining the quality of life, and tender. Feminine cultures emphasize the quality of life and so socialize their people to be modest and to emphasize close interpersonal relationships |
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| the cultural roles of "masculine" and "feminine" that are learned from one's culture |
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| a culture in which much of the information in communication messages is left implied; it's "understood." Much information is considered to be in the context or in the person rather than explicitly coded in the verbal messages. Collectivist cultures are generally high context. Adjust your messages and your listening in the light of the differences between high- and low- context cultures |
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| high-power-distance cultures |
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| cultures in which power is concentrated in the hands of a few, and there's a great difference between the power held by these people and the power of the ordinary citizen |
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| a culture in which the individual's rather than the group's goals nd preferences are given greater importance. Adjust your messages and your listening with an awareness of differences between individualist and collectivist cultures |
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| a cultural orientation that emphasizes the gratification of desires and a focus on having fun and enjoying life |
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| intercultural communication |
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| communication that takes place between persons of different cultures or between persons who have different cultural beliefs, values, or ways of behaving. In communicating in intercultural situations, prepare yourself; reduce your ethnocentrism; confront your stereotypes; become mindful; avoid overattribution; reduce uncertainty; and recognize (1) differences between yourself and people who are culturally different, (2) differences within other cultural groups, and (3) cultural differences in meanings |
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| a cultural orientation that promotes the importance of future rewards; for example, members of these cultures are more apt to save for the future and to prepare for the future academically |
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| a culture in which most of the information in communication is explicitly stated in the verbal message rather than being left implied or assumed to be "understood." Low-context cultures are usually individualist cultures |
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| low-power-distance culture |
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| culture in which power is relatively evenly distributed throughout the citizenry |
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| a culture that views men as assertive, oriented to material success, and strong; such a culture views women, on the other hand, as modest, focused on the quality of life, and tender. Masculine cultures emphasize success and so socialize their people to be assertive, ambitious, and competitive |
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| the degree to which differences in power exist among a people. Adjust your messages and listening on the basis of the power-distance orientation of the culture in which you find yourself |
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| a cultural orientation that fosters the curbing of immediate gratification and regulates it by social norms |
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| the biological distinction between males and females; the genetic distinction between men and women |
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| a cultural dimension in which people look more to the past and the present; these cultural members spend their resources for the present and want quick results from their efforts |
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| in communication, a fixed impression of a group of people through which we then perceive specific individuals. Stereotypes are most often negative but may also be positive. To avoid stereotypes, focus on the individual rather than on the individual's membership in one group or another |
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| Culture is the relatively specialized lifestyle (values, beliefs, artifacts, ways of behaving) of a group of people that is passed from one generation to the next by means of _____, not through genes |
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| _____ is the process through which you learn the culture into which you're born. Ethnic identity is a commitment to the ways and beliefs of your culture. Acculturation is the process by which you learn the rules and norms of a culture that is different from your native culture and that modifies you original or native culture |
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| An individual's cultural beliefs and values influences all forms of interpersonal communication and therefore need to be considered in any full communication _____ |
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| Culture is especially relevant today because of the demographic changes, increased sensitivity to cultural variation, economic interdependency among nations, advances in communication _____ that make intercultural communication easy and inexpensive, and the fact that communication effectiveness in one culture may not be effective in another |
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| Individualist cultures emphasize individual values such as power and achievement, whereas collectivist cultures emphasize group values such as cooperation and _____ to the group |
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| In high-context cultures, much information is in the context or the _____; in low-context cultures, information is expected to be made explicit |
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| In high-power-distance cultures, there are large differences in power between people; in low-power-distance cultures, power is more _____ distributed throughout the population |
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| _____ cultures emphasize assertiveness, ambition, and competition; feminine cultures emphasize compromise and negotiation |
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| High-ambiguity-tolerant cultures feel little threatened by _____; it's accepted as it comes. Low-ambiguity-tolerant cultures feel uncomfortable with uncertainty and seek to avoid it |
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| Long-term-oriented cultures promote the importance of future _____, whereas short-term-oriented cultures look more to the past and the present |
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| Cultures high in _____ emphasize the gratification of desires and having fun; cultures high in restraint emphasize the curbing and regulation of pleasures and fun |
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| Intercultural communication is communication between people who have _____ cultures, beliefs, values, and ways of behaving |
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| Some intercultural communication _____ include educating yourself, recognizing differences (between yourself and others, within the culturally different group, in meanings, and in dialects and accents), confronting your stereotypes, reducing your ethnocentrism, and adjusting your communication |
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